Table 3.

Timing, frequency, and help seeking for intimate partner violence in the preceding year reported by 318 slum-dwelling women, and perceived consequences reported by 247 who reported physical violence, interviewed at around 6 weeks postpartum

	n (%)
Physical, emotional, or sexual intimate partner violence	318 (100)
Relationship of IPV with maternity
No difference with respect to maternity	147 (46)
More before pregnancy	99 (31)
More during pregnancy	52 (17)
More after delivery	20 (6)
Intimate partner violence more likely when spouse had taken alcohol	58 (18)
Sought help to prevent repeat violence (more than one option possible)	49 (15)
Maternal family	41 (13)
Affinal family	4 (1)
Friend or neighbour	0 (0)
Women’s organization or group, social service organization, local body	6 (2)
Police	5 (2)
Religious leader	0 (0)
Doctor	0 (0)
Lawyer	0 (0)
Helpline	0 (0)
Physical intimate partner violence	247 (100)
Frequency of physical intimate partner violence in last year
Once	123 (50)
Sometimes	84 (34)
Often	40 (16)
Sequelae of physical intimate partner violence in last year	79 (32)
Aches and pains	58 (23)
Severe pain	23 (9)
Bruises	20 (8)
Cuts or wounds	18 (7)
Burns	1 (<1)
Fractures or broken teeth	0 (0)
Vaginal bleeding	4 (2)
Early labour	3 (1)
Baby died in womb	2 (<1)
Miscarriage	0 (0)
Affected woman’s ability to care for herself	43 (17)
Affected woman’s ability to care for her baby	19 (8)
Prevented woman from breastfeeding her baby	3 (1)
Sought medical treatment for injury	44 (18)