Table 4.
Characteristics of 2139 slum-dwelling women, interviewed at 6 weeks postpartum, who did or did not report physical, emotional or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) in the preceding year
| Dependent variable | Did not report IPV (%) | Reported IPV (%) | OR | (95% CI) | Adjusted OR | (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Socioeconomic quintile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 Poorest |
343 (19) |
90 (28) |
1 ref |
|
1 ref |
|
| 2 |
347 (19) |
76 (24) |
0.832 |
(0.59, 1.18) |
0.934 |
(0.63, 1.37) |
| 3 |
376 (21) |
53 (17) |
0.543 |
(0.37, 0.80) |
0.618 |
(0.40, 0.95) |
| 4 |
384 (21) |
64 (17) |
0.517 |
(0.35, 0.76) |
0.639 |
(0.41, 1.00) |
| 5 Least poor |
371 (20) |
44 (14) |
0.425 |
(0.28, 0.64) |
0.536 |
(0.33, 0.88) |
| Total |
1821 (100) |
318 (100) |
|
|
|
|
|
Family unit |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Joint |
999 (55) |
157 (50) |
1 ref |
|
1 ref |
|
| Nuclear |
819 (45) |
160 (50) |
1.239 |
(0.97, 1.59) |
1.021 |
(0.76, 1.37) |
| Total |
1818 (100) |
317 (100) |
|
|
|
|
|
Religion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hindu |
878 (48) |
142 (45) |
1 ref |
|
1 ref |
|
| Muslim |
826 (45) |
157 (49) |
1.144 |
(0.85, 1.54) |
1.700 |
(1.22, 2.37) |
| Other |
117 (6) |
19 (6) |
1.121 |
(0.64, 1.95) |
1.600 |
(0.89, 2.86) |
| Total |
1821 (100) |
318 (100) |
|
|
|
|
|
Woman’s age |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <20 y |
117 (6) |
23 (7) |
1 ref |
|
1 ref |
|
| 20-24 y |
887 (49) |
157 (49) |
0.952 |
(0.58, 1.56) |
1.070 |
(0.61, 1.86) |
| 25-29 y |
575 (32) |
98 (31) |
0.920 |
(0.55, 1.54) |
0.928 |
(0.50, 1.72) |
| >29 y |
242 (13) |
40 (13) |
0.896 |
(0.50, 1.60) |
0.746 |
(0.36, 1.53) |
| Total |
1821 (100) |
318 (100) |
|
|
|
|
|
Woman’s schooling |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No schooling |
365 (20) |
78 (25) |
1 ref |
|
1 ref |
|
| <5 y (primary) |
82 (4) |
31 (10) |
1.755 |
(1.07, 2.88) |
1.563 |
(0.90, 2.71) |
| 5-9 y (secondary) |
831 (46) |
140 (44) |
0.782 |
(0.57, 1.07) |
0.923 |
(0.65, 1.32) |
| 10 or more y |
543 (30) |
69 (22) |
0.625 |
(0.43, 0.90) |
0.914 |
(0.59, 1.42) |
| Total |
1821 (100) |
318 (100) |
|
|
|
|
|
Woman’s age at marriage |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <20 y |
1094 (60) |
216 (65) |
1 ref |
|
1 ref |
|
| 20-24 y |
625 (34) |
89 (28) |
0.730 |
(0.56, 0.96) |
0.858 |
(0.62, 1.18) |
| >24 y |
102 (6) |
13 (4) |
0.723 |
(0.39, 1.33) |
0.824 |
(0.41, 1.68) |
| Total |
1821 (100) |
318 (100) |
|
|
|
|
|
Woman’s employment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Unemployed |
1604 (88) |
244 (77) |
1 ref |
|
1 ref |
|
| Employed |
217 (12) |
74 (23) |
2.320 |
(1.70, 3.17) |
2.008 |
(1.42, 2.83) |
| Total |
1821 (100) |
318 (100) |
|
|
|
|
|
Parity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 or 2 |
1175 (65) |
184 (58) |
1 ref |
|
1 ref |
|
| 3 or more |
646 (35) |
134 (42) |
1.263 |
(0.98, 1.62) |
1.157 |
(0.82, 1.62) |
| Total |
1821 (100) |
318 (100) |
|
|
|
|
|
Husband’s schooling |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No schooling |
212 (12) |
49 (16) |
1 ref |
|
1 ref |
|
| <5 y (primary) |
58 (3) |
18 (6) |
1.298 |
(0.69, 2.43) |
1.375 |
(0.70, 2.68) |
| 5-9 y (secondary) |
676 (38) |
128 (41) |
0.838 |
(0.58, 1.22) |
1.067 |
(0.71, 1.60) |
| 10 or more y |
833 (47) |
114 (37) |
0.619 |
(0.42, 0.91) |
1.004 |
(0.64, 1.59) |
| Total |
1779 (100) |
309 (100) |
|
|
|
|
|
Husband’s employment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Unemployed |
18 (1) |
7 (2) |
1 ref |
|
1 ref |
|
| Employed |
1803 (99) |
311 (98) |
0.570 |
(0.23, 1.43) |
1.001 |
(0.37, 2.73) |
| Total |
1821 (100) |
318 (100) |
|
|
|
|
|
Husband drinks alcohol |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
1524 (84) |
168 (53) |
1 ref |
|
1 ref |
|
| Yes |
297 (16) |
149 (47) |
4.884 |
(3.71, 6.43) |
5.223 |
(3.88, 7.03) |
| Total |
1821 (100) |
317 (100) |
|
|
|
|
|
Infant sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Male |
951 (52) |
162 (51) |
|
|
1 ref |
|
| Female |
861 (48) |
153 (49) |
1.078 |
(0.84, 1.38) |
1.069 |
(0.82, 1.39) |
| Total |
1812 (100) |
315 (100) |
|
|
|
|
|
Previous miscarriage |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
1620 (89) |
261 (82) |
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
201 (11) |
57 (18) |
1.666 |
(1.20, 2.32) |
1.759 |
(1.20, 2.58) |
| Total | 1821 (100) | 318 (100) |
OR odds ratio. Ref reference category. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from logistic regression models with random effect for cluster. Multivariable models included covariates describing socioeconomic status, family unit, religion, woman’s age, schooling, age at marriage, employment, parity, husband’s schooling, employment and alcohol use.