Table 1. Maternal and infant characteristics by maternal HIV status †.
| Variable | HIV-infected mothers | HIV uninfected mothers | All | p* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (n=2770) | ||||
| years, median (IQR) | 25.0 (21.5-29.4) | 21.7 (19.0-27.9) | 23.6 (20.0-28.9) | <0.001 |
| Maternal education (n=2770) | ||||
| None | 94 (6.7) | 88 (6.4) | 182 (6.6) | |
| 1-9 years | 516 (36.8) | 454 (33.2) | 970 (35.0) | |
| ≥10 years | 793 (56.5) | 825 (60.4) | 1,618 (58.4) | 0.115 |
| Parity (n=2770) | ||||
| 0 | 471 (33.6) | 686 (50.2) | 1,157 (41.8) | |
| 1-3 | 830 (59.2) | 532 (38.9) | 1,362 (49.2) | |
| ≥4 | 102 (7.2) | 149 (10.9) | 251 (9.0) | <0.001 |
| Infants†† | ||||
| Sex (n=2824) | ||||
| Male (n, (%)) | 709 (49.4) | 693 (49.9) | 1,402 (49.6) | |
| Female | 725 (50.6) | 697 (50.1) | 1,422 (50.4) | 0.853 |
| Birth weight (n=2824) | ||||
| ≥2500 grams | 1,166 (81.3) | 1,203 (86.6) | 2,369 (83.9) | |
| <2500 grams | 157 (10.9) | 103 (7.4) | 260 (9.2) | |
| Missing | 111 (7.8) | 84 (6.0) | 195 (6.9) | 0.001 |
| Infant feeding practice (n=2,824) | ||||
| Any breastfeeding | 1,039 (72.5) | 1,111 (79.9) | 2,150 (76.1) | |
| Never breastfed | 107 (7.4) | 21 (1.5) | 128 (4.5) | |
| Missing | 288 (20.1) | 258 (18.6) | 546 (19.4) | <0.001 |
| Demographics (n=2824) | ||||
| Water source | ||||
| Non-piped | 428 (29.8) | 402 (28.9) | 830 (29.4) | |
| Piped | 958 (66.8) | 936 (67.3) | 1,894 (67.1) | |
| Missing | 48 (3.4) | 52 (3.7) | 100 (3.5) | 0.762 |
| Enrolment clinic (n=2824) | ||||
| Rural/Peri-urban | 1,174 (81.9) | 1,177 (84.7) | 2,351 (83.3) | |
| Urban | 260 (18.1) | 213 (15.3) | 473 (16.7) | 0.046 |
† Excluding mothers with indeterminate HIV status and their infants (n=8)
†† Data from both twins are included in the infant variables
* statistical difference between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected mothers