Figure 3. Elucidating determinants for T. cruzi TEM.

ECs and T. cruzi were pre-incubated with the indicated reagents for 30 min prior to infection. Non-specific mouse IgG (ns-mIgG), mouse anti-human PECAM, and mouse anti-human CD99 antibodies were used at 20 µg/mL. Thapsigargin and wortmannin were used at 10 mM and 100 nM, respectively. To disrupt cellular energy production, samples were treated with 10 mM sodium azide and 6 mM deoxyglucose. After adding the parasites to the ECs, samples were then incubated for 3 hours in the continuous presence of the reagents before being washed, fixed and scored for transmigration as described. Data shown are the mean and standard error of the mean for three separate experiments with 2–3 replicates for each condition per experiment. * denotes p<0.05 relative to the control.