Table 2.
OVs induce ICD and/or promote antitumor immunity in animal models or human patients (*)
| Virus | Modifications | ICD and DAMPs (in vitro) | Antitumor Immunity (in vivo) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ad |
|
|
|
|
| hTERT-Ad |
E1a gene driven by hTERT promoter |
Immunogenic apoptosis |
hTERT-Ad and bortezmib (proteasome inhibition) leads to potent antitumor immunity |
[65] |
| Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF |
Ad3 fiber E1a-deleted (RB-selective) GM-CSF + |
Enhanced autophagy; ecto- CRT; released ATP and HMGB1 |
Tumor-specific T cell responses and antitumor efficacy in some patients [clinical trial] |
[62] |
|
HSV |
|
|
|
|
| G207 |
R34.5-; ICP6- |
NA |
Systemic antitumor immunity (CD8+ T cells) |
[66] |
| HSV-1716 |
ICP 34.5 gene mutant |
Induction of IFN-γ, CXCL9 and CXCL10 |
Intratumoral injection increased NK and CD8+ T cells |
[67] |
| T-VEC |
ICP47-γ34.5 - GM-CSF + |
Necrosis/apoptosis (in vivo) |
Antigen-specific T cell responses and decreases in Treg, Ts, and MDSC in human melanoma patients [clinical trials] |
[68,69] |
| HSV-2 ΔPK mutant |
ICP10 PK domain deleted |
Apoptosis/Pyroptosis |
Dominant induction of CD4+ Th1 cells |
[70] |
|
Poxvirus |
|
|
|
|
| vSP |
Spi-1/spi-2- |
Necrosis/apoptosis HMGB1 release |
NA |
[58] |
| vvDD |
tk-/vgf- |
Necrosis/HMGB1 and ATP release |
CD11b + cells and CD11b+Ly6G+ cells (DCs and Neutrophils) |
[71] |
| Pexa-Vec |
tk-GM-CSF+ |
NA |
Antiviral CTL and antibodies against TAAs in Human HCC patients [clinical trial] |
[72] |
|
Arbovirus |
|
|
|
|
| VSV-GFP (Indiana serotype) |
Marker gene GFP |
Induction of IL-28 by virally activated innate immune cells in the TME |
IL-28 sensitize cancer cells to NK cell recognition and killing |
[73] |
| VSVgm-icv oncolytic vaccine plateform |
Deletion in The M protein at position 51; VSV-GM-CSF+ |
NA |
The antitumor immunity is robust enough to control established tumor. Tumor is infiltrated by a large number of IFNγ-producing T and NK cells |
[74] |
|
Paramyxovirus |
|
|
|
|
| MV-eGFP (Edmonston strain) |
Marker gene EGFP |
Released inflammatory cytokines and chemokines; IL-6 and HMGB1 |
Enhance innate antitumor and melanoma-specific adaptive immunity (in vitro) |
[55] |
| MV vaccine-infected tumor cells | Marker gene EGFP | ICD; apoptotic cells phagocytosed by DCs | Allowing DC to mature, produce high level of IFN-α, and cross-present TAAs and production of tumor-specific CD8 T cells | [75,76] |
*Notes:
(1). data for T-VEC and Pexa-Vec are from human patients;
(2). NA, not assessed.