Table 3.
Pathogens screened for during the study
| Pathogen | Test | Visits tested | Pathogen | Test | Visits tested |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Actinomyces sp. |
RB |
CE |
Hepatozoon spp. catch-all |
RLB |
Y |
|
Actinomycetes |
RB |
CE |
Hyalomma spp. |
CL |
7D, 5W, Y |
|
Amblyomma variegatum |
CL |
7D, 5W, Y |
Hypoderma bovis |
CL |
7D, 5W, Y |
|
Anaplasma bovis |
RLB |
Y |
Klebsiella ozaenae |
RB |
CE |
|
Anaplasma centrale |
RLB |
Y |
Klebsiella pneumoniae |
RB |
CE |
|
Anaplasma marginale |
RLB |
Y |
Listeria spp. |
RB |
CE |
|
Anaplasma ovis |
RLB |
Y |
|
|
|
|
Anaplasma phagocytophilum |
RLB |
Y |
Lumpy skin disease |
PCR |
CE |
|
Arcanobacterium pyogenes |
RB |
CE |
Micrococcus spp. |
RB |
CE |
|
Babesia bicornis |
RLB |
Y |
Moniezia spp. |
FM,FC |
7D, 5W, Y |
|
Babesia bigemina |
RLB |
Y |
M. avium paratuberculosis |
ZN |
Y |
|
Babesia bovis |
RLB |
Y |
Nematodirus spp. |
FM,FC |
7D, 5W, Y |
|
Babesia caballi |
RLB |
Y |
Non-pathogenic Staphylococci |
RB |
CE |
|
Babesia canis |
RLB |
Y |
Oesophagostomum radratium |
FM,FC |
7D, 5W, Y |
|
Babesia divergens |
RLB |
Y |
Onchocerca spp. |
SNP,MIC |
Y |
|
Babesia felis |
RLB |
Y |
Ostertagia ostertagi |
FM+FC |
7D, 5W, Y |
|
Babesia gibsoni Japan |
RLB |
Y |
Pasteurella multocida |
RB |
CE |
|
Babesia microti |
RLB |
Y |
Rickettsia spp. catch-all |
RLB |
Y |
|
Babesia motasi |
RLB |
Y |
Rickettsia spp. (DnS14) raoultii |
RLB |
Y |
|
Babesia odocoilei |
RLB |
Y |
Riphicephalus appendiculatus |
CL |
7D, 5W, Y |
|
Babesia ovis |
RLB |
Y |
Rotavirus |
ELISA |
CE |
|
Babesia rossi |
RLB |
Y |
Salmonella spp. |
RB |
CE |
|
Babesia vogeli |
RLB |
Y |
Sarcocystis spp. |
HIS |
PM |
|
Bacillus anthracis |
RB |
PM |
Staphylococcus aureus |
RB |
CE |
| Bluetongue virus |
PCR |
Y, CE |
Staphylococcus epidermicus |
RB |
CE |
|
Bacillus spp. |
RB |
CE |
Staphylococcus epidermidis |
RB |
CE |
|
Boophilus spp. |
CL |
7D, 5W, Y |
Staphylococcus spp. |
RB |
CE |
|
Borrelia afzelii |
RLB |
Y |
Streptococcus bovis |
RB |
CE |
|
Borrelia burgdorferi s. lato |
RLB |
Y |
Streptococcus spp. |
RB |
CE |
|
Borrelia burgdorferi s. stricto |
RLB |
Y |
Theileria annae |
RLB |
Y |
|
Borrelia garinii |
RLB |
Y |
Theileria annulata |
RLB |
Y |
|
Borrelia valaisiana |
RLB |
Y |
Theileria bicornis |
RLB |
Y |
|
Bunostomum trigonocephalum |
FM |
7D, 5W, Y |
Theileria buffeli |
RLB |
Y |
| Bovine Viral Diarrrhoea Virus |
ELISA - ag |
Y |
Theileria cervi |
RLB |
Y |
|
Calicophoron spp. |
FM,FC |
7D, 5W, Y |
Theileria equi |
RLB |
Y |
|
Chabertia ovina |
FM,FC |
7D, 5W, Y |
Theileria equi-like |
RLB |
Y |
|
Clostridium spp. |
RB |
CE |
Theileria lestoquardi |
RLB |
Y |
|
Coccidia spp. |
FM,FC |
7D, 5W, Y |
Theileria mutans |
RLB |
Y |
|
Coccobacillary |
RB |
CE |
Theileria orientalis 1 |
RLB |
Y |
|
Cooperia spp. |
FM,FC |
7D, 5W, Y |
Theileria parva |
RLB,PCR |
Y |
|
Corynebacterium spp. |
RB |
CE |
Theileria spp. (buffalo) |
RLB |
Y |
|
Cryptosporidium spp. |
ZN,MIC |
7D, 5W, Y |
Theileria spp. (duiker) |
RLB |
Y |
|
Dermatophilus congolensis |
RB |
CE |
Theileria spp. (kudu) |
RLB |
Y |
|
Dictyocaulus viviparus (L1) |
FB |
7D, 5W, Y |
Theileria spp. (sable) |
RLB |
Y |
|
E.coli |
RB |
CE |
Theileria spp. |
MIC, (RLB) |
7D, 5W, Y, CE |
|
Ehrlichia chaffeensis |
RLB |
Y |
Theileria taurotragi |
RLB |
Y |
|
Ehrlichia ruminantium |
RLB,MIC,PCR |
Y, CE |
Theileria velifera |
RLB |
Y |
|
Ehrlichia spp. (Omatjenne) |
RLB |
Y |
Toxocara vitulorum |
FM,FC |
7D, 5W, Y |
|
Eimeria alabamensis |
FM,MIC |
7D, 5W, Y |
Trichophyton spp. |
MIC |
CE |
|
Eimeria auburnensis |
FM,MIC |
7D, 5W, Y |
Trichostrongylus axei |
FM,FC |
7D, 5W, Y |
|
Eimeria bovis |
FM,MIC |
7D, 5W, Y |
Trichuris spp. |
FM,FC |
7D, 5W, Y |
|
Eimeria cylindrica |
FM,MIC |
7D, 5W, Y |
Trypanosoma brucei |
HCT,DG,PCR |
7D, 5W, Y |
|
Eimeria ellipsoidalis |
FM,MIC |
7D, 5W, Y |
Trypanosoma congolense |
HCT,DG,PCR |
7D, 5W, Y |
|
Eimeria subspherica |
FM,MIC |
7D, 5W, Y |
Trypanosoma spp. |
HCT,DG,PCR |
7D, 5W, Y |
|
Eimeria zuernii |
FM,MIC |
7D, 5W, Y |
Trypanosoma theileri |
HCT,DG,PCR |
7D, 5W, Y |
| Epizootic haemorrhagic disease |
PCR |
Y, CE |
Trypanosoma vivax |
HCT,DG,PCR |
7D, 5W, Y |
|
Fasciola spp. |
FS,MIC |
7D, 5W, Y |
Weksella zoohelcum |
RB |
CE |
| Haemonchus placei | FM,FC | 7D, 5W, Y |
RB routine bacteriology, CE clinical episode, CL clinical examination, RLB reverse line blot, 7D recruitment visit, 5W routine 5 weekly visit, Y final visit at 51 weeks, FM faecal examination by McMaster’s technique, FC faecal culture, MIC routine microscopy, SNP skin snip and culture, ZN Ziehl–Neelsen stain, DG dark ground microscopy, HCT haematocrit, PCR polymerase chain reaction.