Human rDNA flanking regions. (A) Schematic human acrocentric chromosome showing telomeric (blue) and centromeric (yellow) regions, and the NOR (black line), expanded below into rDNA, PJ (orange), and DJ (green) regions. Not to scale. (B) DJ and PJ localize distally and proximally to rDNA, respectively, on all acrocentric chromosomes. FISH was performed on normal human metaphase spreads with DJ BAC (red) and rDNA (green) probes (left panels), and PJ BAC (green) and rDNA (red) probes (right panel). Chromosomes are DAPI-stained. (C) DNA combing of HeLa cell nucleolar DNA shows DJ (red) is physically linked to 18S rDNA (green). Three representative images are shown below the hybridization scheme.