Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics for adults aged 40 to 65 years (N = 8194) in the national health and nutritional examination survey, United States, 1999-2008a
| |
|
Blood lead quintile |
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Characteristic |
Total |
Quintile 1 |
Quintile 2 |
Quintile 3 |
Quintile 4 |
Quintile 5 |
|
| (N = 8194) | (N = 1411) | (N = 1510) | (N = 1608) | (N = 1638) | (N = 2027) | ||
| Blood lead (μg/dL); geometric mean (GSE) |
1.69 (0.02) |
0.76 (0.01) |
1.25 (0.00) |
1.67 (0.00) |
2.25 (0.01) |
3.88 (0.03) |
** |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg); mean (SE) |
124.33 (0.30) |
122.23 (0.55) |
122.43 (0.53) |
124.59 (0.49) |
125.48 (0.57) |
126.92 (0.62) |
** |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg); mean (SE) |
74.81 (0.20) |
74.30 (0.37) |
74.16 (0.38) |
74.99 (0.32) |
74.96 (0.32) |
75.65 (0.34) |
** |
| Elevated blood pressure, % (SE) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Systolic > 140 mm Hg |
16.4 (0.6) |
13.9 (1.2) |
13.3 (1.1) |
15.9 (1.2) |
17.5 (1.0) |
21.4 (1.4) |
** |
| Diastolic > 90 mm Hg |
7.8 (0.5) |
5.5 (0.7) |
6.5 (0.8) |
8.1 (0.9) |
9.2 (0.9) |
9.6 (0.8) |
** |
| Age (years), mean (SE) |
50.9 (0.15) |
48.4 (0.22) |
50.0 (0.25) |
51.3 (0.27) |
52.2 (0.26) |
52.6 (0.21) |
** |
| Male sex, % (SE) |
49.1 (0.6) |
25.1 (1.7) |
39.3 (1.5) |
51.8 (1.4) |
59.0 (1.5) |
70.5 (1.5) |
** |
| Race/Ethnicity, % (SE) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
** |
| Non-Hispanic White |
75.7 (1.3) |
80.1 (1.6) |
77.9 (1.7) |
77.6 (1.4) |
74.5 (1.6) |
68.3 (2.1) |
|
| Non-Hispanic Black |
9.7 (0.8) |
6.7 (0.7) |
8.3 (0.8) |
8.8 (0.9) |
9.9 (0.9) |
14.8 (1.4) |
|
| Mexican American |
5.7 (0.6) |
5.3 (0.7) |
5.2 (0.6) |
5.5 (0.7) |
5.4 (0.6) |
7.2 (0.9) |
|
| Other Hispanic |
4.2 (0.6) |
4.0 (0.7) |
4.6 (1.1) |
4.4 (0.9) |
4.1 (0.7) |
4.1 (0.9) |
|
| Other |
4.7 (0.4) |
3.9 (0.7) |
4.0 (0.7) |
3.7 (0.6) |
6.1 (0.9) |
5.6 (0.8) |
|
| Educational attainment, % (SE) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
** |
| Less than 9th grade |
5.4 (0.4) |
3.2 (0.4) |
4.2 (0.5) |
5.7 (0.7) |
5.6 (0.6) |
8.3 (0.7) |
|
| 9th - 12th grade (no diploma) |
10.9 (0.5) |
7.4 (0.9) |
9.1 (0.8) |
8.7 (0.9) |
12.1 (0.9) |
17.3 (1.2) |
|
| High school graduate or equivalent |
24.6 (0.8) |
22.7(1.5) |
22.9 (1.5) |
24.6 (1.4) |
26.0 (1.5) |
26.7 (1.4) |
|
| Some college or associates (AA) degree |
30.6 (0.8) |
32.0 (1.5) |
30.3 (1.7) |
32.1 (1.3) |
29.5 (1.6) |
29.3 (1.1) |
|
| College graduate or above |
28.5 (1.2) |
34.7 (2.0) |
33.5 (2.0) |
28.9 (1.9) |
26.9 (1.7) |
18.3 (1.4) |
|
| Marital status, % (SE) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
** |
| Married or living with partner |
73.2 (0.8) |
75.6 (1.6) |
75.6 (1.2) |
72.6 (1.4) |
71.4 (1.5) |
70.8 (1.4) |
|
| Divorced, separated, or widowed |
19.9 (0.7) |
17.5 (1.4) |
18.3 (1.2) |
20.0 (1.2) |
22.2 (1.4) |
21.6 (1.3) |
|
| Never married |
6.9 (0.4) |
6.9 (0.8) |
6.1 (0.8) |
7.4 (0.9) |
6.4 (0.7) |
7.7 (0.8) |
|
| Smoking status, % (SE) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
** |
| Never |
47.2 (0.8) |
69.1 (1.5) |
56.4 (1.6) |
45.4 (1.7) |
36.3 (1.6) |
28.9 (1.3) |
|
| Former |
28.9 (0.7) |
23.4 (1.3) |
27.4 (1.5) |
31.6 (1.4) |
31.0 (1.3) |
31.1 (1.4) |
|
| Current |
23.9 (0.8) |
7.4 (0.8) |
16.2 (1.1) |
23.0 (1.5) |
32.7 (1.8) |
40.0 (1.4) |
|
| Alcohol consumption, % (SE) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
** |
| None |
25.5 (1.0) |
36.9 (2.0) |
30.0 (1.6) |
22.1 (1.3) |
21.8 (1.3) |
16.6 (1.2) |
|
| Less than 1 drink per week |
34.8 (0.9) |
39.9 (1.7) |
36.6 (1.5) |
34.8 (1.6) |
31.3 (1.4) |
31.5 (1.6) |
|
| 1 to 3 drinks per week |
11.4 (0.5) |
12.6 (1.1) |
13.0 (1.1) |
13.0 (1.0) |
10.4 (0.9) |
8.1 (0.7) |
|
| 3 or more drinks per week |
28.3 (0.9) |
10.6 (1.2) |
20.4 (1.3) |
30.2 (1.7) |
36.6 (1.5) |
43.8 (1.7) |
|
| Use of antihypertensive medication, % (SE) | 23.5 (0.7) | 26.3 (1.5) | 22.4 (1.5) | 21.9 (1.3) | 23.1 (1.3) | 23.7 (1.4) | |
Abbreviations:GSE geometric standard error, SE standard error.
a All estimates are adjusted for survey design and sample weights. Differences across groups were evaluated using the chi square test for categorical data and analysis of variance for continuous data. **P < 0. 05.