Table 4.

The empirical constants for ε_G by (11) reported in the literature and in the current study.

Reference	Liquid system	Constant χ	Constant λ	Constant ω	Type of impeller	R 2	Average relative error (%)	Valid for P g/V L (kW/m3)
[21]	Water	—	0.25	0.75	Flat blade turbine	NA	NA	NA
[22]	Na2SO4	—	0.4903	0.5788	Rushton turbine	NA	9.3	NA
[23]	Tap water	—	0.478	0.4910	Disc turbine-pitched blade	0.98	NA	NA
[23]	Tap water	—	0.4244	0.6904	Rushton turbine	0.98	NA	NA
Current study	Xanthan gum solution with 0% palm oil fraction	0.0080	0.2385	0.2180	Rushton turbine	0.74	14.47	0.141–1.11
	Xanthan gum solution with 5% palm oil fraction	0.0061	0.3501	0.1435	Rushton turbine	0.90	12.15	0.094–0.89
	Xanthan gum solution with 10% palm oil fraction	0.0065	0.3528	0.1626	Rushton turbine	0.93	10.87	0.079–0.89
	Xanthan gum solution with 15% palm oil fraction	0.0161	0.2507	0.0773	Rushton turbine	0.98	3.27	0.058–0.83
	Xanthan gum solution with 20% palm oil fraction	0.0119	0.2558	0.1395	Rushton turbine	0.96	5.99	0.039–0.72
	Xanthan gum solution with 50% palm oil fraction	0.0178	0.1890	0.1690	Rushton turbine	0.84	12.06	0.031–0.64