Table 2.
Mycotoxins and metabolites detected in maize, poultry feed, and factory residue by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). It shows the contamination range, median, and percentage of contaminated samples.
| Toxin | Maize | Poultry feed | Factory residue | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Min. (μg/kg) | Median (μg/kg) | Max. (μg/kg) | % | Min. (μg/kg) | Median (μg/kg) | Max. (μg/kg) | % | Min. (μg/kg) | Median (μg/kg) | Max. (μg/kg) | % | |
| Fumonisins | ||||||||||||
| Fumonisin B1 (FB1) | 32 | 1,300 | 6,000 | 100 | 50 | 185 | 1,118 | 100 | 14,085 | 17,153 | 27,145 | 100 |
| Fumonisin B2 (FB2) | 9 | 540 | 2,760 | 99 | 8 | 54 | 474 | 100 | 5,927 | 7,412 | 10,867 | 100 |
| Fumonisin B3 (FB3) | 7 | 190 | 820 | 99 | nd | 27 | 142 | 92 | 1,422 | 1,853 | 3,090 | 100 |
| Fumonisin total (FB1 + FB2) | 41 | 1,840 | 8,760 | 100 | 58 | 239 | 1,592 | 100 | 20,012 | 23,676 | 36,040 | 100 |
| Hydrolysed fumonisin B1 (HFB1) | nd* | 6.0 | 170 | 9 | nd | nd | nd | 0 | 168 | 366 | 909 | 100 |
| Aflatoxins | ||||||||||||
| Aflatoxin B1 (AFL B1) | nd | nd | 3.0 | 16 | nd | nd | nd | 0 | nd | nd | 5.96 | 44 |
| Aflatoxin B2 (AFL B2) | nd | nd | nd | 0 | nd | nd | nd | 0 | nd | nd | 1.10 | 22 |
| Aflatoxin G1 (AFL G1) | nd | nd | 0.6 | 1 | nd | nd | nd | 0 | nd | nd | 0.52 | 11 |
| Aflatoxin G2 (AFL G2) | nd | nd | 1.8 | 4 | nd | nd | 1,43 | 14 | 1.0 | 1.73 | 2.51 | 100 |
| Trichothecenes | ||||||||||||
| Deoxynivalenol (DON) | nd | nd | 30.0 | 4 | nd | nd | 20 | 3 | nd | nd | nd | 0 |
| Nivalenol (NIV) | nd | nd | 120.0 | 5 | nd | nd | 67 | 17 | nd | nd | nd | 0 |
| Zearalenone (ZON) | nd | nd | 9.8 | 12 | nd | nd | 6.5 | 39 | nd | nd | nd | 0 |
| Hexadepsipeptides | ||||||||||||
| Beauvericin (BEA) | nd | 12 | 160 | 96 | nd | 3.6 | 16.7 | 92 | 59 | 116 | 211 | 100 |
| Enniatin A (EA) | nd | nd | 0.1 | 1 | nd | nd | nd | 0 | nd | nd | nd | 0 |
| Enniatin A1 (EA1) | nd | nd | 0.3 | 12 | nd | nd | 0.72 | 17 | nd | nd | 0.27 | 22 |
| Enniatin B (EB) | nd | nd | 5.0 | 34 | nd | nd | 4.6 | 78 | nd | nd | 3.21 | 44 |
| Enniatin B1 (EB1) | nd | 0.1 | 1.3 | 12 | nd | nd | 12 | 67 | nd | nd | 1.12 | 33 |
| Others | ||||||||||||
| Kojic acid | nd | 12 | 230 | 65 | nd | 12 | 84 | 67 | 2.9 | 28 | 344 | 100 |
| Agroclavine | nd | nd | 7.2 | 1 | nd | nd | nd | 0 | nd | nd | nd | 0 |
| Chanoclavine | nd | nd | nd | 0 | nd | nd | nd | 0 | nd | nd | 3.95 | 33 |
| Moniliformin (MON) | nd | nd | 170 | 8 | nd | nd | 120 | 3 | nd | 220 | 336 | 89 |
*nd (not detected), nd < LOD.