Table 3.

Demographic features of study participants (n = 483)

Age, mean ( SD) years (range)	68.3 9.7 (35–88)
Male gender (%)	385 (80%)
Mean duration of warfarin usage, years	5.8 6.1 (1 month–39 years)
Reason for warfarin
Atrial fibrillation	217 (45%)
Aortic or mitral valve replacement	48 (10%)
Deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism	122 (25%)
Cerebrovascular event	38 (8%)
Other*	58 (12%)
Endoscopic procedures
Colonoscopy	347 (72%)
Polypectomy (snare, hot or cold biopsy)	161 (47%)
Upper endoscopy (EGD)	145 (30%)
EGD and colonoscopy	28 (6%)
Endoscopic ultrasound	7 (1%)
Flexible sigmoidoscopy	9 (2%)
Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography	3 (0.6%)
Patients with change in warfarin dose	346 (72%)
Temporary cessation, mean (SD) days (range)	437 (90%), 5 2.4 days (1–30)
Unfractionated heparin	7 (1%)
Low-molecular-weight heparin	107 (22%)
Mean no. of days (before, after procedure)	4.4, 4.8
Dose reduction by 50% before procedure	9 (2%)
Aspirin usage	106 (22%)
Temporary cessation	70 (66%)

^*Includes factor 5 Leiden deficiency (8 patients), protein C or S deficiency (4 patients), myocardial infarction or CABG (9 patients), congestive heart failure and/or cardiomyopathy (3 patients), lupus anticoagulant (2 patient), primary pulmonary hypertension (1 patient), and other causes (31 patients).