Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Characteristic | All Patients (616) | AKI 21.1% (130) | TAz 25.8% (159) | sCKD 2.4% (15) | NF 50.7% (312) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age, yr (SD) | 59.1 (15.8) | 66.3 (12.2) | 58.4 (16.1) | 68.5 (11.5) | 56.0 (15.7) | <0.001a,b |
| Men (%) | 386 (62.7) | 84 (64.6) | 93 (58.5) | 10 (66.7) | 199 (63.8) | 0.65c,d |
| Nonblack (%) | 536 (87.0) | 114 (87.7) | 137 (86.2) | 15 (100.0) | 270 (86.5) | 0.56c,d |
| SCr baseline (mg/dl) | ||||||
| Median (P25–P75) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 1.0 (0.7–1.2) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 1.2 (1.1–1.9) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | <0.001b,e |
| Baseline MDRD SCr-eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | ||||||
| Median (P25–P75) | 103.68 (80.23–128.03) | 77.76 (56.33–111.82) | 104.03 (85.50–133.58) | 52.31 (45.72–63.72) | 109.34 (91.95–130.13) | <0.001b |
| Principle comorbidities (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 391 (63.6) | 101 (77.7) | 98 (62.0) | 12 (80.0) | 180 (57.7) | <0.001d |
| Cardiovascular disease | 219 (35.6) | 71 (54.6) | 61 (38.4) | 8 (53.3) | 79 (25.3) | <0.001d |
| Diabetes mellitus | 192 (31.3) | 55 (42.3) | 46 (29.1) | 8 (53.3) | 83 (26.8) | 0.003d |
| Chronic heart failure | 81 (13.1) | 39 (30) | 21 (13.2) | 4 (26.7) | 17 (5.4) | <0.001d |
| Chronic liver disease | 50 (8.1) | 13 (10.0) | 11 (7.0) | 0 (0) | 26 (8.4) | 0.52d |
| CKD previous diagnosis | 65 (10.6) | 43 (33.1) | 7 (4.4) | 15 (100.0) | 0 (0) | <0.001d |
| pNGAL median (ng/ml; P25–P75) | ||||||
| T0 | 84.0 (60–137) | 174.5 (94–265) | 86.0(65–140) | 137.0 (61–200) | 68.0 (60–96)f | <0.001b |
| T6 | 84.5 (60–136) | 171.5(104–277) | 85.5 (60–131) | 156.0 (77–205) | 69.0 (60–98)f | <0.001b |
| T12 | 83.0 (60–138) | 167.0 (109–253) | 94.0 (60–136) | 115.0 (78–167) | 64.0 (60–93)f | <0.001b |
| T24 | 83.0 (60–136) | 161.0 (100–249) | 90.5 (60–122) | 117.0 (87–194) | 62.5 (60–94)f | <0.001b |
| T48 | 79.0 (60–121) | 146.0 (82–234) | 79.0 (60–112) | 102.5 (68–186) | 65.00 (60–94)f | <0.001b |
| Outcome | ||||||
| All sepsis (%) | 188 (30.5) | 50 (38.5) | 60 (37.7) | 3 (20) | 75 (24) | 0.002d |
| Severe sepsis (%) | 27 (4.4) | 16 (2.3) | 7 (4.4) | 0 | 4 (1.3) | <0.001d |
| Intensive care unit admission (%) | 53 (8.6) | 18 (13.8) | 11 (6.9) | 1 (6.7) | 23 (7.4) | 0.12d |
| Mechanical ventilation (%) | 22 (3.6) | 9 (6.9) | 8 (5) | 0 | 5 (1.5) | 0.03d |
| In-hospital length of stay (SD) | 11.3 (10) | 16.9 (15.5) | 10.5 (8.4) | 8.5 (3.8) | 9.5 (6.9) | <0.001b |
| Dialysis (%) | 6 (1.0) | 6 (4.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | — |
| Mortality (%) | 27 (4.4) | 15 (11.5) | 5 (3.1) | 0 | 7 (2.2) | <0.001d |
| AKI severity (%) | ||||||
| AKIN 0 | 486 (78.9) | 0 | 159 (100) | 15 (100) | 312 (100) | |
| AKIN 1 | 100 (16.2) | 100 (76.9) | — | — | — | |
| AKIN 2 | 16 (2.6) | 16 (12.3) | — | — | — | |
| AKIN 3 | 14 (2.3) | 14 (10.8) | — | — | — |
TAz, transient azotemia; sCKD, stable CKD; NF, normal function; SCr, serum creatinine; P25–P75, 25th percentile to 75th percentile; MDRD SCr-eGFR, GFR estimated from SCr using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation; pNGAL, plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; T, study time in hours; AKIN, Acute Kidney Injury Network.
For age, P<0.001 comparing AKI with TAz and NF patients; for age, P=0.50 comparing AKI with CKD.
Kruskal–Wallis test P values.
Comparing AKI with CKD patients.
Chi-squared test P values.
SCr baseline P<0.001, except between TAz and NF patients (P value=0.80).
All pNGAL P25 and P75 values of NF patients were between 60 and 97 ng/ml, respectively (a range proposed as normal in this study).