Table 2.

Count (hospitalizations) and rates (per 1000 patient-hospitalizations) of both Agency for Healthcare and Research Quality (AHRQ) and candidate CKD patient safety indicators (PSIs)

Patient Safety Indicators	CKDa			Non-CKDb			Risk Ratio	Risk Ratio P Value
	Count	At-Risk Hospitalizations	Rate	Count	At-Risk Hospitalizations	Rate
Candidate CKD PSIs
Acute kidney failure	5758	66,367	86.8 (84.5–89.0)	4300	170,428	25.2 (24.5–26.0)	3.4 (3.3–3.6)	<0.001
Congestive heart failure	8709	53,497	162.8 (159.4–166.3)	8247	144,835	56.9 (55.7–58.2)	2.9 (2.8–2.9)	<0.001
Hypoglycemia	160	66,316	2.4 (2.1–2.8)	404	170,335	2.4 (2.2–2.6)	1.0 (0.8–1.2)	0.85
Hyperkalemia	2230	65,993	33.8 (32.4–35.2)	1446	170,353	8.5 (8.1–8.9)	4.0 (3.7–4.3)	<0.001
Hypokalemia	1475	66,291	22.3 (21.1–23.4)	4742	170,267	27.9 (27.1–28.7)	0.8 (0.8–0.8)	<0.001
Hypernatremia	335	66,332	5.1 (4.5–5.6)	551	170,378	3.2 (3.0–3.5)	1.6 (1.4–1.8)	<0.001
Hyponatremia	1239	66,240	18.7 (17.7–19.8)	4394	169,923	25.9 (25.1–26.6)	0.7 (0.7–0.8)	<0.001
Hypercalcemia	228	66,290	3.4 (3.0–3.9)	491	170,337	2.9 (2.6–3.2)	1.2 (1.0–1.4)	0.03
Hypocalcemia	177	66,353	2.7 (2.3–3.1)	300	170,417	1.8 (1.6–2.0)	1.5 (1.3–1.8)	<0.001
Hypophosphatemia	191	66,364	2.9 (2.5–3.3)	331	170,425	1.9 (1.7–2.2)	1.5 (1.2–1.8)	<0.001
Electrolyte disturbancesc	5547	65,408	84.8 (82.6–87.1)	9012	169,298	53.2 (52.1–54.3)	1.6 (1.5–1.6)	<0.001
Medication errors, poisoning, and intoxication	2960	70,956	41.7 (40.2–43.3)	6169	175,016	35.3 (34.4–36.1)	1.2 (1.1–1.2)	<0.001
AHRQ PSI
Complications of anesthesia	17	14,852	1.2 (0.7–1.8)	41	48,180	0.9 (0.6–1.2)	1.3 (0.8–2.4)	0.30
Death in a low-mortality DRG	46	9662	4.8 (3.5–6.4)	61	34,201	1.8 (1.4–2.3)	2.7 (1.8–3.9)	<0.001
Decubitus ulcer	440	26,795	16.4 (14.9–18.0)	736	57,840	12.7 (11.8–13.7)	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	<0.001
Failure to rescue	521	4747	109.8 (100.5–119.6)	970	8657	112.1 (105.1–119.3)	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	0.69
Foreign body left in during a procedure	7	71,159	0.1 (0.0–0.2)	26	176,001	0.2 (0.1–0.2)	0.7 (0.3–1.5)	0.34
Iatrogenic pneumothorax	35	67,364	0.5 (0.4–0.7)	119	165,980	0.7 (0.6–0.9)	0.7 (0.5–1.1)	0.09
Infection caused by medical care	174	49,475	3.5 (3.0–4.1)	185	114,560	1.6 (1.4–1.9)	2.2 (1.8–2.7)	<0.001
Postoperative hip fracture	12	11,212	1.1 (0.6–1.9)	5	32,451	0.2 (0.1–0.4)	6.9 (2.4–19.7)	<0.001
Postoperative hemorrhage or hematoma	44	14,774	3.0 (2.2–4.0)	126	47,998	2.6 (2.2–3.1)	1.1 (0.8–1.6)	0.47
Postoperative physiologic or metabolic derangement	140	14,597	9.6 (8.1–11.3)	99	48,026	2.1 (1.7–2.5)	4.7 (3.6–6.0)	<0.001
Postoperative respiratory failure	384	9574	40.1 (36.2–44.3)	702	35,473	19.8 (18.4–21.3)	2.0 (1.8–2.3)	<0.001
Postoperative deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolus	181	14,733	12.3 (10.6–14.2)	464	47,933	9.7 (8.8–10.6)	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	0.01
Postoperative sepsis	158	6482	24.4 (20.7–28.5)	249	18,525	13.4 (11.8–15.2)	1.8 (1.5–2.2)	<0.001
Postoperative wound dehiscence	21	2418	8.7 (5.4–13.3)	59	9784	6.0 (4.6–7.8)	1.4 (0.9–2.4)	0.15
Accidental puncture or laceration wound	222	71,128	3.1 (2.7–3.6)	651	175,940	3.7 (3.4–4.0)	0.8 (0.7–1.0)	0.03
Transfusion reaction	3	71,156	0.0 (0.0–0.1)	1	176,004	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	7.4 (0.8–71.3)	0.75

DRG, diagnosis-related group.

^aCKD: GFR≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m².

^bControls: GFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m².

^cExcludes hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypernatremia, and hyponatremia.