Table 4.
Mean (SD) birth weight, birth length, 1-minute and 5-minutes Apgar scores, and their association with umbilical cord blood mercury, lead and cadmium levels
| |
|
Weight (grams) |
Length (centimeters) |
1-minute Apgar score |
5-minutes Apgar score |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | β (95% CI) | Mean (SD) | β (95% CI) | Mean (SD) | β (95% CI) | Mean (SD) | β (95% CI) | ||
|
Lead |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <=13.8 |
3,264 (462) |
Ref. |
49.8 (2.4) |
Ref. |
8.21 (1.4) |
Ref. |
9.20 (0.7) |
Ref. |
|
| >13.9 |
3,298 (444) |
123 (-37.9,284) |
49.8 (2.3) |
0.52 (-0.39,1.44) |
8.70 (1.0) |
0.67 (-0.19,1.16) |
9.40 (0.6) |
0.29 (-0.04,0.54) |
|
|
Mercury |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <=7.7 |
3,297 (500) |
Ref. |
49.7 (2.4) |
Ref. |
8.64 (1.0) |
Ref. |
9.38 (0.7) |
Ref. |
|
| >7.8 |
3,268 (402) |
22.1 (-148,192) |
49.9 (2.3) |
0.57 (-0.32,1.46) |
8.31 (1.3) |
-0.31 (-0.81,0.20) |
9.22 (0.6) |
-0.11 (-0.37,0.16) |
|
|
Cadmium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <=0.29 |
3,381 (462) |
Ref. |
50.2 (2.3) |
Ref. |
8.70 (1.1) |
Ref. |
9.40 (0.5) |
Ref. |
|
| >0.30 | 3,187 (422) | -152 (-311,7.42) | 49.5 (3.3) | -0.50 (-0.41,0.41) | 8.18 (1.2) | -0.57 (-1.06,-0.08)** | 9.13 (0.6) | -0.24 (-0.60,-0.09)** | |
**p-value <0.05.
Blood metal concentrations were dichotomized at the median (13.8 μg/L for lead, 7.7 μg/L for mercury and 0.29 μg/L for cadmium). All models were adjusted for newborn’s sex, gestational age and maternal age. Lead models further adjusted for maternal cigarette smoking and sampling season. Mercury and cadmium models further adjusted for maternal fish consumption and cigarette smoking, respectively.