Table 1.

The Douleur Aigüe du Nouveau-né (DAN) scale[10,20]

Pain estimation	Score
Facial expressions
Calm	0
Snivels and alternates gentle eye opening and closing	1
Intensity of eye squeeze, brow bulge, nasolabial furrow:
- Mild, intermittent with return to calm*	2
- Moderate†	3
- Very pronounced, continuous‡	4
Limb movements
Calm or gentle movements	0
Intensity of pedalling, toes spread, legs tensed and pulled up, agitation of arms, withdrawal reaction:
- Mild, intermittent with return to calm*	1
- Moderate†	2
- Very pronounced, continuous‡	3
Vocal expression
No complaints	0
Moans briefly (for intubated child, looks anxious or uneasy)	1
Intermittent crying (for intubated child, expression of intermittent crying)	2
Long lasting crying, continuous howl (for intubated child, expression of continuous crying)	3

* Present during <1/3 of observation periods.

† Present during 1/3 to 2/3 of observation periods.

‡ Present during >2/3 of observation periods.