Table 2.
Key determinants of adult tobacco use in Madagascar, Demographic Health Survey, 2008–09 (Base outcome category: No tobacco use)
| |
Smoked tobacco products (Smoking) |
Smokeless tobacco products (SLTs use) |
Dual use |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
|||||
| RRR | 95% CI | RRR | 95% CI | RRR | 95% CI | RRR | 95% CI | RRR | 95% CI | |
|
Age | ||||||||||
| Age 15-49 |
1.02*** |
[1.01,1.03] |
1.06*** |
[1.03,1.08] |
1.06*** |
[1.05,1.07] |
1.05*** |
[1.04,1.05] |
1.04*** |
[1.02,1.06] |
|
Education (Base: University education) | ||||||||||
| No education |
1.39 |
[0.86,2.25] |
|
|
7.68* |
[1.41,42.00] |
|
|
3.16 |
[0.67,14.93] |
| Primary |
1.16 |
[0.75,1.82] |
|
|
6.52* |
[1.21,35.20] |
|
|
2.26 |
[0.50,10.28] |
| High-School |
1.04 |
[0.69,1.57] |
|
|
2.49 |
[0.46,13.50] |
|
|
1.54 |
[0.38,6.21] |
|
Wealth |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Wealth Index |
1.02 |
[0.89,1.16] |
1.58* |
[1.11,2.24] |
0.45*** |
[0.38,0.54] |
0.59*** |
[0.52,0.66] |
0.70* |
[0.51,0.98] |
|
Occupation (Base: Unemployed) | ||||||||||
| Agriculture |
3.41*** |
[2.46,4.72] |
0.32** |
[0.14,0.73] |
5.26*** |
[2.74,10.09] |
2.36*** |
[1.76,3.16] |
6.58*** |
[2.32,18.67] |
| Service-manual |
3.63*** |
[2.62,5.04] |
1.03 |
[0.55,1.92] |
5.55*** |
[2.79,11.03] |
2.44*** |
[1.77,3.37] |
4.94** |
[1.66,14.69] |
| Service-non-Manual |
2.75*** |
[1.76,4.30] |
0.62 |
[0.24,1.59] |
3.77** |
[1.54,9.26] |
0.42* |
[0.18,1.00] |
5.99** |
[1.55,23.20] |
| Married (Base: Unmarried) |
1.02 |
[0.86,1.21] |
0.86 |
[0.54,1.38] |
1.22* |
[1.01,1.48] |
0.96 |
[0.83,1.11] |
1.46* |
[1.04,2.06] |
|
Religion (Base: Christian) | ||||||||||
| Other Religion |
1.28** |
[1.09,1.51] |
|
|
0.51*** |
[0.42,0.62] |
|
|
0.63** |
[0.46,0.86] |
| Muslim |
1.36 |
[0.77,2.42] |
|
|
0.11*** |
[0.03,0.41] |
|
|
2.14 |
[0.74,6.21] |
| Traditional |
1.57 |
[0.96,2.58] |
|
|
0.52* |
[0.29,0.92] |
|
|
0.29* |
[0.09,0.86] |
|
Residence (Base: Rural) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Urban | 1.37* | [1.07,1.75] | 0.86 | [0.45,1.64] | 0.81 | [0.56,1.16] | 1 | [0.76,1.31] | 1.25 | [0.74,2.11] |
Notes: RRR - Relative Risk Ratios; 95% confidence intervals in parentheses; Chi-square goodness of fit statistics 829.14 for male regression and 620.28 for females were both significant at p<0.001; Sample size was 7653 for male regression & 17369 for female regression; Age and wealth index are continuous variables and all others are categorical; Analyses were not conducted for dual use among females because of the small n.
* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.