Table 1.
Demographic characteristics (N=387)
| Variables | Mean (SD, Range) | N % |
|---|---|---|
| Age (year) |
68.7 (9.4, 27~ 90) |
|
| Duration of diabetes year |
7.9 (6.2, 0.5~33) |
|
| Participated DM support group |
|
|
| Yes |
|
195 (50.4) |
| No |
|
192 (49.6) |
| Adopted oral medications |
|
|
| Yes |
|
351 (90.7) |
| No |
|
36 ( 9.3) |
| Adopted insulin injection |
|
|
| Yes |
|
20 ( 5.2) |
| No |
|
367 (94.8) |
| Fasting blood glucose |
|
|
| ≦130 |
|
135 (34.9) |
| ≧131 |
|
226 (58.4) |
| missing |
|
26 ( 6.7) |
| HbA1C |
|
|
| ≦6.99% |
|
26 ( 6.7) |
| ≧7.00% |
|
221 (57.1) |
| missing |
|
75 (19.4) |
| BMI |
|
|
| Normal (~24) |
|
118 (30.5) |
| Overweight (~27) |
|
123 (31.8) |
| Obesity (>27) |
|
146 (37.7) |
| Waist circumference (cm) |
|
|
| Normal (male≦90, female≦80) |
|
129 (33.3) |
| Abnormal (male≧91, female≧81) |
|
258 (66.7) |
| Michigan Neuropathy Screening score |
|
|
| ≦3.0 |
|
301 (77.8) |
| ≧3.5 |
|
86 (22.2) |
| ABPI (ankle brachial pressure index) |
|
|
| ≧ 0.90 |
|
338 (87.3) |
| ≦ 0.89 |
|
49 (12.7) |
| Systolic Blood pressure |
|
|
| ≦130 |
|
121 (31.3) |
| ≧131 |
|
266 (68.7) |
| Diastolic Blood pressure |
|
|
| ≦85 |
|
299 (77.3) |
| ≧86 |
|
88 (22.7) |
| Exercise behavior |
|
|
| Regular |
|
228 (58.9) |
| Irregular |
|
159 (41.1) |
| Adopted diabetes diet |
|
|
| Yes |
|
256 (66.1) |
| No |
|
131 (33.9) |
| Oral care (Brush after meal ) |
|
|
| Yes |
|
129 (33.3) |
| No |
|
258 (66.7) |
| Oral hygiene-using dental floss |
|
|
| Yes |
|
135 (34.9) |
| No |
|
252 (65.1) |
| Number of teeth |
|
|
| ~10 |
|
249 (64.3) |
| ~20 |
|
60 (15.5) |
| ~28 |
|
78 (20.2) |
| Depression score |
|
|
| ≦12 |
|
320 (82.7) |
| ≧13 | 67 (17.3) |