Table 1.
Name | Involved cell(s) | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
TNF-α | Macrophage | Inflammation, osteolysis | [78, 80–83, 104–107, 121–123] |
IL-1β | Macrophage | Inflammation, osteolysis | [105, 107, 108, 124, 125] |
IL-6 | Macrophage Osteoprogenitors |
Inflammation Anti-osteoclastogenesis |
[103–106, 108, 118] |
MCP1 | Macrophage | Recruit macrophage | [108, 109] |
MIP1α | Macrophage/ MSC | Recruit macrophage and MSC | [106, 109] |
Cox-2/Prostaglandin E2 | Macrophage/fibroblast | Inflammation | [103, 107, 108] |
RANKL | Macrophage/Osteoclast | Osteoclastogenesis Bone resorption | [95–101, 106, 108] |
MMPs | Macrophage | Tissue destruction | [52] |
Type I collagen | Osteoblast | Bone formation | [112, 113] |
IL-10 | MSC/ macrophage | Immune modulation | [114, 115, 124] |
IFN-γ | Osteoprogenitors T cells | Anti-osteoclastogenesis | [118] |
Cathepsin K | Osteoclast | Degrade bone matrix | [97, 106] |
TRAP | Osteoclast | Degrade bone matrix | [97, 106, 107] |
Smurf1/2 | Osteoprogenitors | Suppress bone formation via degrading β-catenin | [116] |