Table 4.
Multivariate adjusted analysis for the risk of exposure to Plasmodium vivax using survey logistic regression
|
Risk factors |
Positive PvMSP1-19 |
Unadjusted |
Adjusted ≈ |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | 95% CI | n | N | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
|
Settlement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
PAV |
12.7 |
[10.8; 14.9] |
143 |
1,123 |
1.0 |
|
- |
|
| JCM |
15.6 |
[13.1; 18.5] |
123 |
789 |
1.3 |
[0.95; 1.7] |
- |
|
|
| NP |
12.7 |
[10.0; 15.9] |
94 |
741 |
1.0 |
[0.7; 1.4] |
- |
|
|
|
House distance to water drain (m) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
>250 |
9.5 |
[7.8; 11.6] |
103 |
1,080 |
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
| 100–250 |
15.6 |
[13.6; 17.9] |
217 |
1,391 |
1.8* |
[1.3; 2.3] |
1.8* |
[1.4; 2.4] |
|
| <100 |
22.0 |
[16.2; 29.2] |
40 |
182 |
2.7* |
[1.7; 4.1] |
2.8* |
[1.8; 4.4] |
|
|
Age groups (years) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
0.5–5 |
6.7 |
[4.7; 9.4] |
29 |
433 |
1.0 |
|
1.0° |
|
| 6–10 |
8.9 |
[6.5; 12.1] |
36 |
404 |
1.4 |
[0.8; 2.2] |
|
|
|
| 11–19 |
13.9 |
[10.7; 16.7] |
68 |
491 |
2.2* |
[1.4; 3.5] |
2.1*∞ |
[1.6; 2.8] |
|
| 20–39 |
15.8 |
[13.4; 18.4] |
140 |
889 |
2.6* |
[1.7; 3.9] |
|
|
|
| > = 40 |
20.0 |
[16.5; 24.0] |
87 |
436 |
3.5* |
[2.2; 5.4] |
3.1* |
[2.2; 4.4] |
|
|
Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
None |
8.1 |
[6; 10.8] |
39 |
483 |
1.0 |
|
- |
|
| Primary |
13.3 |
[11.3; 15.7] |
140 |
1,199 |
1.8* |
[1.2; 2.5] |
- |
|
|
| Secondary |
16.3 |
[14; 19] |
153 |
829 |
2.2* |
[1.5; 3.2] |
- |
|
|
| Superior |
15.1 |
[10.7; 20.9] |
27 |
141 |
2.0* |
[1.2; 3.4] |
- |
|
|
|
Income amount |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
None |
12.6 |
[11.1; 14.3] |
261 |
2,067 |
1.0 |
|
- |
|
| < 650 PEN |
17.9 |
[14.7; 21.7] |
82 |
458 |
1.5* |
[1.2; 2] |
- |
|
|
| > = 650 PEN |
14.5 |
[8.4; 23.8] |
12 |
83 |
1.3 |
[0.6; 2.2] |
- |
|
|
|
Occupation as farmer (previous 12 months) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
No |
13.3 |
[11.9; 14.8] |
344 |
2,590 |
1.0 |
|
- |
|
| Yes |
25.4 |
[16.3; 37.3] |
16 |
63 |
2.2* |
[1.3; 3.9] |
- |
|
|
|
Occupation as moto-taxi driver (previous 12 months) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Never/Sometimes |
13.4 |
[12.1; 14.9] |
347 |
2,584 |
1.0 |
|
- |
|
| Always |
18.8 |
[11.2; 30.0] |
13 |
69 |
1.5 |
[0.8; 2.8] |
- |
|
|
|
Bed net use |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
No |
13.0 |
[11.1; 15.2] |
162 |
1,244 |
1.0 |
|
- |
|
| Yes |
14.1 |
[12.2; 16.2] |
196 |
1,395 |
1.1 |
[0.9; 1.4] |
- |
|
|
|
Confirmed P. vivax malaria (previous 12 months)+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
10.5 |
[9.3; 12] |
247 |
2,346 |
1.0 |
|
- |
|
|
| Yes (1 episode) |
33.3 |
[27.9; 39.3] |
91 |
273 |
4.2* |
[3.2; 5.7] |
- |
|
|
| Yes (> = 2episodes) | 64.7 | [46.7; 79.3] | 22 | 34 | 15.6* | [7.3; 33] | - | ||
* p < 0.05. + Not considered in the multivariate analysis.
° Baseline category = 0.5–10 years.
∞ Include ages between 11 and 39 years.
≈ A significant interaction (OR = 5.7; 95CI [1.4; 22.7], p = 0.014) was found between age >10 years and distance <100 m.