Table VIII.

Associations between growth in childhood and adult height, blood pressure, fasting glucose level, and schooling attainment among participants in 5 birth cohorts in low- and middle-income countries, by categories of gestational status and weight at delivery

	Not preterm-AGA		Not preterm-LGA∗		Not preterm-SGA†		Preterm‡
Coefficient	95% CI	Coefficient	95% CI	Coefficient	95% CI	Coefficient	95% CI
Adult height, cm
Birth weight	1.59a	1.36 to 1.82	2.18b	−0.16 to 4.52	1.61a	1.13 to 2.10	1.64a	1.30 to 1.97
Conditional length at 12 mo	3.21b	3.05 to 3.37	3.07	2.05 to 4.08	3.33	3.08 to 3.59	3.74a	3.40 to 4.09
Conditional length at 24 mo	1.45	1.29 to 1.61	1.51	0.67 to 2.34	1.34	1.09 to 1.59	1.30	0.94 to 1.66
Conditional length in mid-childhood	1.93	1.76 to 2.09	3.27	2.42 to 4.11	1.92	1.67 to 2.16	2.23	1.88 to 2.57
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg
Birth weight	−0.44a	−1.06 to 0.17	−7.49b	−13.72 to −1.25	0.90a	−0.41 to 2.22	0.38a	−0.49 to 1.24
Conditional length at 12 mo	0.65b	0.21 to 1.08	1.31	−1.39 to 4.01	0.71	0.02 to 1.40	1.70a	0.82 to 2.58
Conditional length at 24 mo	0.73	0.29 to 1.16	2.02	−0.21 to 4.25	0.66	−0.03 to 1.35	1.11	0.19 to 2.03
Conditional length in mid-childhood	0.59	0.15 to 1.03	1.04	−1.20 to 3.27	0.57	−0.08 to 1.22	0.94	0.05 to 1.83
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg
Birth weight	−0.52b	−1.05 to 0.01	−1.99	−7.47 to 3.50	0.74a	−0.42 to 1.90	−0.18	−0.91 to 0.54
Conditional length at 12 mo	0.48	0.11 to 0.86	0.58	−1.79 to 2.96	0.64	0.03 to 1.25	1.15	0.41 to 1.89
Conditional length at 24 mo	0.35	−0.02 to 0.72	1.48	−0.48 to 3.44	0.53	−0.07 to 1.14	0.31	−0.47 to 1.08
Conditional length in mid-childhood	0.17	−0.21 to 0.55	0.13	−1.84 to 2.10	0.48	−0.10 to 1.05	0.18	−0.57 to 0.93
Fasting glucose, mmol/L
Birth weight	−0.04	−0.08 to 0.00	−0.09	−0.48 to 0.29	0.02	−0.08 to 0.12	−0.07	−0.13 to 0.00
Conditional length at 12 mo	0.01	−0.02 to 0.04	0.03	−0.15 to 0.20	0.01	−0.05 to 0.06	−0.03	−0.10 to 0.04
Conditional length at 24 mo	0.02	−0.01 to 0.05	0.01	−0.14 to 0.15	0.01	−0.04 to 0.06	0.02	−0.05 to 0.10
Conditional length in mid-childhood	0.01	−0.02 to 0.04	0.08	−0.07 to 0.22	0.00	−0.05 to 0.05	−0.01	−0.08 to 0.06
Completed years of schooling
Birth weight	0.20a	0.05 to 0.34	0.41	−1.21 to 2.03	0.63b	0.28 to 0.97	0.03a	−0.22 to 0.29
Conditional length at 12 mo	0.57	0.46 to 0.67	−0.06b	−0.76 to 0.64	0.70	0.52 to 0.89	0.75a	0.49 to 1.01
Conditional length at 24 mo	0.51	0.41 to 0.61	0.38	−0.20 to 0.96	0.38	0.20 to 0.56	0.57	0.30 to 0.84
Conditional length in mid-childhood	0.23	0.13 to 0.34	0.21	−0.38 to 0.79	0.20	0.02 to 0.37	0.26	0.00 to 0.52
Prehypertension/hypertension, OR
Birth weight	0.97	0.85 to 1.10	0.58	0.16 to 2.10	1.25	0.97 to 1.62	0.93	0.76 to 1.13
Conditional length at 12 mo	1.13	1.03 to 1.24	1.13	0.64 to 1.99	1.04	0.91 to 1.19	1.24	1.01 to 1.52
Conditional length at 24 mo	1.07	0.98 to 1.18	1.19	0.74 to 1.92	1.11	0.97 to 1.27	1.01	0.82 to 1.25
Conditional length in mid-childhood	1.04	0.95 to 1.14	1.02	0.64 to 1.63	1.16	1.02 to 1.32	1.10	0.90 to 1.35
IFG/diabetes, OR
Birth weight	0.98	0.74 to 1.29	(-)§		0.84	0.56 to 1.26	0.65	0.44 to 0.96
Conditional length at 12 mo	0.95	0.78 to 1.16			0.83	0.66 to 1.05	0.70	0.47 to 1.04
Conditional length at 24 mo	1.37	1.12 to 1.67			0.89	0.71 to 1.12	1.14	0.77 to 1.68
Conditional length in mid-childhood	0.96	0.79 to 1.17			1.15	0.92 to 1.44	0.92	0.65 to 1.31
Completed secondary school, OR¶
Birth weight	1.28	1.11 to 1.48	1.28	0.32 to 5.04	1.52	1.12 to 2.06	1.11	0.91 to 1.36
Conditional length at 12 mo	1.41	1.27 to 1.56	1.33	0.73 to 2.40	1.45	1.23 to 1.72	1.46	1.18 to 1.81
Conditional length at 24 mo	1.37	1.24 to 1.52	1.36	0.82 to 2.24	1.37	1.17 to 1.62	1.27	1.02 to 1.58
Conditional length in mid-childhood	1.15	1.04 to 1.28	1.29	0.80 to 2.09	1.12	0.97 to 1.31	1.23	1.01 to 1.51

Data are coefficients and associated 95% CIs from models in which the adult outcome is predicted from the childhood conditional size measures. Separate regression models were developed for each adult outcome within each birth category. For continuous measures, coefficients represent the change in the adult variable associated with a 1 SD change in the conditional size measure. For binary measures, the coefficients represent the OR per 1 SD change in the conditional size measure. Models are adjusted for site, sex, and age at adult measurement. Within any row, differing superscript letters denote P < .05 by the Tukey least significant difference test.

^∗LGA: above the 90th percentile of sex-specific distribution of weight for GA.

^†SGA: below the 10th percentile of sex-specific distribution of weight for GA.

^‡Preterm: <37 completed weeks gestation, based on date of LMP.

^§Only 3 participants who were Term-LGA had prediabetes/diabetes. The model fit for the preterm category is questionable owing to limited sample size.

^¶Completion of secondary school: 12th grade in Brazil, India, and South Africa; 11th grade in Guatemala; and 10th grade in Philippines. The model fit for the not preterm- LGA category is questionable owing to limited sample size.