Table IV.
Selected characteristics at birth and follow-up among 4518 participants in 5 birth cohorts in lower- and middle-income countries, by site
| Characteristic | Brazil |
Guatemala |
India |
Philippines |
South Africa |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
| Status at delivery, % | n = 397 | n = 407 | n = 149 | n = 130 | n = 572 | n = 424 | n = 971 | n = 857 | n = 285 | n = 326 |
| Preterm (<37 completed weeks)∗ | 4.5 | 5.9 | 15.4 | 7.7 | 15.2 | 11.8 | 14.6 | 14.7 | 11.6 | 13.5 |
| Not preterm (37-42 completed weeks) | 87.2 | 79.1 | 72.5 | 73.1 | 75.9 | 74.8 | 78.7 | 76.7 | 87.4 | 86.2 |
| Postterm (≥42 completed weeks) | 8.3 | 15.0 | 12.1 | 19.2 | 8.9 | 13.4 | 6.7 | 8.6 | 1.1 | 0.3 |
| Not preterm-SGA† | 15.6 | 14.0 | 31.5 | 23.1 | 42.5 | 41.0 | 25.2 | 20.7 | 14.0 | 13.2 |
| Not preterm-LGA‡ | 5.3 | 4.7 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 4.2 | 1.8 |
| Height, cm, mean ± SD | 173.8 ± 6.4 | 161.6 ± 5.7 | 162.8 ± 6.2 | 151.3 ± 5.2 | 169.4 ± 6.2 | 155.2 ± 5.6 | 163.0 ± 5.9 | 151.0 ± 5.4 | 171.2 ± 7.3 | 159.7 ± 6.4 |
| n = 397 | n = 407 | n = 149 | n = 130 | n = 572 | n = 424 | n = 971 | n = 852 | n = 285 | n = 326 | |
| Weight, kg, mean ± SD | 73.8 ± 15.0 | 61.3 ± 12.3 | 64.0 ± 10.1 | 61.5 ± 11.2 | 71.9 ± 14.0 | 60.0 ± 13.3 | 56.0 ± 9.3 | 46.3 ± 8.0 | 60.6, 12.2 | 58.2 ± 12.0 |
| BMI, mean ± SD | 24.4 ± 4.5 | 23.5 ± 4.5 | 24.1 ± 3.3 | 26.8 ± 4.5 | 25.0 ± 4.3 | 24.8 ± 5.0 | 21.0 ± 3.1 | 20.3 ± 3.1 | 20.7 ± 3.7 | 22.8 ± 4.4 |
| Blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | n = 396 | n = 407 | n = 140 | n = 124 | n = 567 | n = 418 | n = 971 | n = 790 | n = 277 | n = 318 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 123.5 ± 14.2 | 111.9 ± 12.3 | 116.6 ± 9.7 | 108.6 ± 11.1 | 117.9 ± 11.2 | 107.0 ± 10.8 | 111.8 ± 10.9 | 99.6 ± 10.0 | 119.8 ± 10.7 | 114.1 ± 9.9 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 75.7 ± 11.2 | 72.3 ± 10.3 | 72.1 ± 9.3 | 70.1 ± 8.8 | 77.7 ± 10.2 | 73.7 ± 9.1 | 75.9 ± 9.6 | 68.2 ± 8.6 | 71.0 ± 9.0 | 71.7 ± 8.6 |
| Prehypertension/hypertension, % | 41.7 | 22.1 | 22.1 | 13.7 | 41.1 | 25.6 | 44.2 | 11.9 | 21.7 | 14.5 |
| Glucose metabolism | n = 339 | n = 359 | n = 98 | n = 107 | n = 559 | n = 413 | n = 846 | n = 683 | n = 167 | n = 175 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 5.2 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 0.4 |
| IFG/diabetes, % | 10.9 | 5.6 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 21.5 | 15.3 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Schooling | n = 369 | n = 387 | n = 146 | n = 129 | n = 572 | n = 424 | n = 971 | n = 857 | n = 277 | n = 321 |
| Highest grade attained, y, mean ± SD | 9.5 ± 3.0 | 10.3 ± 2.9 | 5.1 ± 3.5 | 4.9 ± 3.6 | 13.3 ± 3.4 | 14.2 ± 2.6 | 10.4 ± 3.3 | 11.5 ± 2.8 | 10.8 ± 1.5 | 11.3 ± 1.3 |
| Completed secondary school, %§ | 14.4 | 22.2 | 11.6 | 9.3 | 85.7 | 94.6 | 68.3 | 85.4 | 47.3 | 70.7 |
∗
Preterm births are not further categorized as SGA or AGA owing to limited sample size.
†
SGA: below the 10th percentile of sex-specific birth weight for GA.
‡
LGA: above the 90th percentile of sex-specific birth weight for GA.
§
12 years for Brazil, India, and South Africa; 11 years for Guatemala; and 10 years for the Philippines.