Table 3. Synopsis of the diagnostic assessment of Asperger syndrome (AS) in adults.

Screening instruments
Self-assessment	AQ, AQ-10, EQ, SQ-R, TAS-20 (alexithymia)
Non-self-assessment	MBAS, SCQ
Comorbidities and differential diagnoses	BDI (depression), CAARS (ADHD), SPAI (social anxiety disorders), FPI-R or AMPS (personality disorders), PD scale (schizophrenia-like personality disorders), Y-BOCS (obsessive-compulsive disorder), and others
Operationalized clinical diagnosis
Clinical diagnostic criteria	ICD-10 (12), DSM-IV (11), Gillberg (2002) (e23), Klin (2003) (e24), DSM-5 (as of May 2013)
Structured diagnostic interviews	AAA, ADI-R (history from parents)
Structured behavior observation	ADOS (module 4)
Longitudinal analysis
History from persons other than the patient	parent interview (oriented to SCQ or ADI-R)
Documentation by persons other than the patient	primary school report cards, reports of school psychologists, prior hospital discharge summaries
Additional diagnostic testing (as needed)
Neuropsychology	general intelligence (e.g., WIE, MWTB), social cognition (e.g., eyes task, MASC, FEFA), executive functions (e.g., WCST, TMT, COWAT, Stroop test), attention (e.g., TAP, CPT)
Somatic tests	brain imaging (MRI), EEG (epilepsy), chromosomal analysis (e.g., in congenital dysmorphisms)

AQ, Autism Quotient; EQ, Empathy Quotient; SQ-R, Systematization Quotient—Revised; TAS, Toronto Alexithymia Scale; MBAS, Marburg Rating Scale for Asperger Syndrome; SCQ, Social Communication Questionnaire; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; CAARS, Conners’Adult ADHD Rating Scales; SPAI, Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory; FPI-R, Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar Revidiert (Freiburg Personality Inventory, Revised); AMPS, Aachener integrierte Merkmalsliste zur Erfassung von Persönlichkeitsstörungen (Aachen List of Items for the Registration of Personality Disorders); PD-S, Paranoid-Depressivitäts-Skala (Paranoid Depression Scale); Y-BOCS, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Rating Scale; AAA, Adult Asperger Assessment; ADI-R, Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised; ADOS, Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale; WIE, Wechsler Intelligence Test; MWTB, Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenz-Test (Multiple Choice Vocabulary and Intelligence Test); MASC, Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition; FEFA, Frankfurter Test zum Erkennen von fazialem Affekt (Frankfurt Test of Facial Affect Recognition); WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; TMT, Trail Making Test; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; TAP, Testbatterie Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung (Attention Test Battery); CPT, Continous Performance Test