Functions of GLIP1 and ethylene components in resistance to Pst DC3000. A, Phenotypes of leaves inoculated with 10 µL of 10 mm MgCl2 (mock) or aliquots of Pst DC3000 (106 colony-forming units [cfu] mL−1). B, Bacterial growth in leaves inoculated with 10-µL aliquots of Pst DC3000 (105 cfu mL−1). The values are means ± sd (n = 5). Asterisks indicate significant differences from Col-0 (Student’s t test, *P < 0.05). The experiment was repeated five times with similar results. C, Effect of petiole exudates on bacterial growth. Plant leaves were pretreated with petiole exudates (EX) from Col-0, glip1-1, 35S:GLIP1, and 35S:GLIP1 plants for 24 h and then infiltrated with 10-μL aliquots of Pst DC3000 (105 cfu mL−1). The values are means ± sd (n = 5). Asterisks indicate significant differences from the mock treatments (Student’s t test, *P < 0.05). The experiment was repeated three times with similar results.