Table 1.
Descriptive scores on demographic and outcome measures for the 2002 and 2008 samples and comparing boys versus girls
| |
Total |
Boys |
Girls |
Test statistic (boys vs. girls) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
2002 |
2008 |
2002 |
2008 |
2002 |
2008 |
2002 |
2008 |
| (N = 10549) | (N = 10097) | (N = 4929) | (N = 4949) | (N = 5620) | (N = 5148) | |||
| Outcome measure | ||||||||
|
Demographic variables | ||||||||
|
Age (M, SD) |
15.98 (1.80) |
16.08 (1.69) |
16.20 (1.79) |
16.25 (1.69) |
15.79 (1.79) |
15.89 (1.66) |
t(10017) = 11.67** |
t(9836) = 10.89** |
|
Race (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
χ2(df = 4, N = 10450) = 5.08 |
χ2(df = 4, N = 10050) = 15.42 |
| Black |
74.1 |
78.8 |
74.7 |
78.6 |
73.5 |
79.0 |
|
|
| Coloured |
15.0 |
14.3 |
14.4 |
13.7 |
15.6 |
14.9 |
|
|
| Indian |
1.3 |
0.8 |
1.4 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
0.8 |
|
|
| White |
8.7 |
5.2 |
8.4 |
6.1 |
8.8 |
4.4 |
|
|
| Other |
0.9 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
|
|
|
Province (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
χ2(df = 8, N = 10549) = 25.59** |
χ2(df = 8, N = 10097) = 21.24* |
| North West |
11.3 |
9.4 |
12.5 |
9.4 |
10.2 |
9.5 |
|
|
| Gauteng |
11.0 |
12.4 |
10.9 |
12.8 |
11.1 |
11.9 |
|
|
| Free State |
10.7 |
9.4 |
11.1 |
9.2 |
10.4 |
9.6 |
|
|
| Limpopo |
9.5 |
9.5 |
9.7 |
9.4 |
9.4 |
9.7 |
|
|
| Mpumalanga |
11.9 |
11.5 |
12.2 |
11.6 |
11.7 |
11.3 |
|
|
| Kwazulu-Natal |
11.2 |
12.3 |
11.0 |
12.3 |
11.5 |
12.3 |
|
|
| Eastern Cape |
10.8 |
11.2 |
9.9 |
11.8 |
11.6 |
10.7 |
|
|
| Northern Cape |
10.0 |
12.5 |
9.8 |
13.0 |
10.3 |
12.1 |
|
|
| Western Cape |
13.5 |
11.8 |
13.0 |
10.5 |
14.0 |
13.0 |
|
|
|
School level (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
χ2(df = 3, N = 10549) = 24.87** |
χ2(df = 3, N = 10097) = 5.35 |
| Grade 8 |
27.2 |
23.5 |
28.0 |
24.1 |
26.5 |
23.0 |
|
|
| Grade 9 |
34.0 |
24.0 |
34.5 |
23.2 |
33.5 |
24.7 |
|
|
| Grade 10 |
22.5 |
29.0 |
23.1 |
29.6 |
22.1 |
28.4 |
|
|
| Grade 11 |
16.3 |
23.5 |
14.4 |
23.1 |
17.9 |
23.9 |
|
|
|
School performance (M, SD) |
4.10 (1.36) |
4.00 (1.40) |
4.11 (1.35) |
3.93 (1.40) |
4.09 (1.36) |
4.04 (1.40) |
t(8875) = 0.37 |
t(8875) = −3.44** |
|
Employment parents (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
χ2(df = 2 N = 10392) = 1.23 |
χ2(df = 2 N = 9901) = 20.93** |
| -Father |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Unemployed |
50.8 |
52.4 |
50.3 |
50.4 |
51.4 |
54.5 |
|
|
| Parttime |
8.5 |
8.3 |
8.6 |
9.2 |
8.5 |
7.4 |
|
|
| Fulltime |
40.6 |
39.3 |
41.1 |
40.5 |
40.2 |
38.1 |
|
|
| -Mother |
|
|
|
|
|
|
χ2(df = 2 N = 10420) = 10.32* |
χ2(df = 2 N = 9962) = 4.65 |
| Unemployed |
11.8 |
12.4 |
12.6 |
12.7 |
11.1 |
12.1 |
|
|
| Parttime |
31.2 |
31.6 |
29.8 |
32.4 |
32.4 |
30.8 |
|
|
| Fulltime |
57.0 |
56.0 |
57.6 |
54.9 |
56.6 |
57.1 |
|
|
|
Suicide | ||||||||
|
Suicide ideation (M, SD) Nationwide |
.18 (.34) |
.19 (.34) |
.16 (.32) |
.17 (.33) |
.20 (.36) |
.21 (.35) |
t(10454) = 5.99** |
t(10016) = 5.14** |
| North West |
.15 (.32) |
.17 (.33) |
.13 (.29) |
.16 (.33) |
.17 (.34) |
.18 (.33) |
t(1175) = 2.54* |
t(943) = 0.67 |
| Gauteng |
.20 (.35) |
.19 (.33) |
.16 (.31) |
.17 (.31) |
.23 (.37) |
.20 (.35) |
t(1149) = 3.32** |
t(1245) = 1.64 |
| Free State |
.20 (.35) |
.18 (.34) |
.18 (.33) |
.13 (.30) |
.22 (.37) |
.22 (.37) |
t(1123) = 2.01 |
t(934) = 3.92** |
| Limpopo |
.18 (.33) |
.19 (.34) |
.18 (.33) |
.17 (.32) |
.19 (.33) |
.21 (.36) |
t(995) = 0.08 |
t(953) = 1.92 |
| Mpumalanga |
.21 (.34) |
.21 (.35) |
.18 (.33) |
.21 (.35) |
.23 (.36) |
.22 (.35) |
t(1245) = 2.61* |
t(1153) = 0.50 |
| Kwazulu-Natal |
.18 (.34) |
.18 (.33) |
.17 (.34) |
.18 (.33) |
.19 (.35) |
.18 (.33) |
t(1166) = 0.65 |
t(1230) = 0.12 |
| Eastern Cape |
.15 (.32) |
.19 (.34) |
.17 (.33) |
.17 (.32) |
.14 (.31) |
.21 (.36) |
t(1126) = 1.58 |
t(1112) = 1.85 |
| Northern Cape |
.19 (.35) |
.21 (.37) |
.15 (.32) |
.20 (.34) |
.22 (.37) |
.20 (.34) |
t(1048) = 2.98* |
t(1253) = 0.26 |
| Western Cape |
.18 (.34) |
.21 (.37) |
.13 (.30) |
.16 (.32) |
.22 (.37) |
.25 (.39) |
t(1411) = 4.70** |
t(1177) = 4.50** |
|
Suicide attempt (%) | ||||||||
| Nationwide |
18.5 |
21.8 |
17.3 |
20.8 |
19.5 |
22.7 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10498) = 8.37* |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10028) = 5.54 |
| North West |
18.3 |
21.0 |
17.5 |
21.5 |
19.2 |
20.6 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 1182) = 0.57 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 947) = 0.11 |
| Gauteng |
16.5 |
21.5 |
13.8 |
20.9 |
18.8 |
22.1 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 1159) = 5.30* |
χ2(df = 1, N = 1244) = 0.28 |
| Free State |
20.8 |
18.5 |
20.5 |
15.8 |
21.2 |
21.1 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 1128) = 0.08 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 944) = 4.34 |
| Limpopo |
20.3 |
21.7 |
19.7 |
20.7 |
20.9 |
22.6 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 999) = 0.24 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 953) = 0.50 |
| Mpumalanga |
22.9 |
24.4 |
20.4 |
22.5 |
25.1 |
26.3 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 1251) = 3.93 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 1156) = 2.28 |
| Kwazulu-Natal |
16.5 |
22.5 |
14.9 |
23.7 |
17.9 |
21.3 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 1180) = 1.89 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 1231) = 1.00 |
| Eastern Cape |
15.0 |
22.9 |
16.0 |
22.5 |
14.2 |
23.4 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 1123) = 0.70 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 1112) = 0.15 |
| Northern Cape |
18.2 |
21.5 |
16.8 |
20.0 |
19.3 |
23.0 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 1057) = 1.10 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 1256) = 1.66 |
| Western Cape |
17.8 |
21.4 |
16.0 |
18.4 |
19.2 |
23.6 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 1419) = 2.41 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 1185) = 4.70 |
|
Suicide hospitalization (%) | ||||||||
| Nationwide |
19.9 |
20.0 |
21.3 |
20.6 |
18.6 |
19.4 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 5511) = 6.38* |
χ2(df = 1, N = 5069) = 1.12 |
| North West |
18.4 |
23.9 |
17.2 |
23.3 |
19.8 |
24.6 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 625) = 0.72 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 435) = 1.00 |
| Gauteng |
17.1 |
19.5 |
18.7 |
21.4 |
15.9 |
17.6 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 630) = 0.91 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 564) = 1.09 |
| Free State |
18.3 |
15.6 |
18.2 |
11.6 |
18.4 |
19.1 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 585) = 0.03 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 495) = 5.28 |
| Limpopo |
27.7 |
22.4 |
28.1 |
20.0 |
27.3 |
24.9 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 520) = 0.04 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 460) = 1.58 |
| Mpumalanga |
24.9 |
24.7 |
24.8 |
23.2 |
25.1 |
26.4 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 694) = 0.01 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 611) = 0.83 |
| Kwazulu-Natal |
21.1 |
21.1 |
21.5 |
26.3 |
20.8 |
15.4 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 516) = 0.04 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 626) = 11.18** |
| Eastern Cape |
21.4 |
17.8 |
25.0 |
20.2 |
18.3 |
15.1 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 495) = 3.33 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 641) = 2.78 |
| Northern Cape |
17.2 |
18.8 |
19.0 |
19.7 |
15.7 |
17.8 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 598) = 1.09 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 605) = 0.33 |
| Western Cape |
15.7 |
20.0 |
21.2 |
18.1 |
11.0 |
17.2 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 848) = 16.61** |
χ2(df = 1, N = 632) = 0.08 |
|
Psychological measures | ||||||||
| Feeling hopeless (%) |
32.5 |
32.5 |
31.6 |
32.6 |
33.4 |
32.4 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 8009) = 3.07 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 7447) = 0.03 |
| Body dissatisfaction (M, SD) |
2.80 (0.90) |
2.71 (0.95) |
2.65 (0.87) |
2.57 (0.94) |
2.93 (0.91) |
2.85 (0.93) |
t(8310) = 14.02** |
t(7650) = 13.16** |
| Feeling unsafe (%) |
36.1 |
34.5 |
36.9 |
32.9 |
35.4 |
33.7 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10521) = 2.77 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10073) = 2.92 |
|
Health risk behaviours | ||||||||
|
Violence (%) | ||||||||
| Carry a weapon |
21.3 |
17.8 |
33.1 |
26.5 |
11.0 |
9.5 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10513) = 761.81** |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10080) = 499.34** |
| Involvement physical fight |
39.0 |
37.3 |
47.3 |
45.6 |
31.8 |
29.4 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10522) = 263.69** |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10073) = 282.76** |
| Violent behaviour victim |
55.6 |
53.6 |
56.1 |
55.4 |
55.2 |
51.9 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10538) = 0.81 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10086) = 12.54*** |
| Violent behaviour actor |
30.6 |
35.1 |
37.0 |
41.7 |
25.0 |
28,8 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10521) = 177.46** |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10082) = 183.62** |
|
Substance use (%) | ||||||||
| Smoking |
25.0 |
21.9 |
31.8 |
27.7 |
19.2 |
16.4 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10398) = 219.02** |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10009) = 188.04** |
| Alcohol |
37.1 |
41.0 |
43.5 |
47.5 |
31.4 |
34.7 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10541) = 163.07** |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10047) = 170.62** |
| Marijuana |
10.0 |
9.8 |
14.9 |
13.7 |
5.8 |
6.0 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10471) = 242.30** |
χ2(df = 1, N = 9966) = 166.72** |
| Illegal drugs |
22.4 |
20.2 |
26.4 |
25.2 |
18.9 |
15.2 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 10460) = 85.13** |
χ2(df = 1, N = 9540) = 146.83** |
|
Unsafe sex (%) |
64.0 |
55.1 |
64.3 |
57.0 |
63.5 |
52.4 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 4217) = .29 |
χ2(df = 1, N = 3813) = 7.962** |
|
Unhealthy eating (M, SD) |
3.22 (1.24) |
3.22 (1.26) |
3.20 (1.28) |
3.23 (1.29) |
3.24 (1.21) |
3.21 (1.24) |
t(10291) = 1.56 |
t(9618) = 0.59 |
|
Exercise (M, SD) |
2.95 (2.20) |
2.78 (2.21) |
3.30 (2.22) |
3.07 (2.25) |
2.64 (2.13) |
2.50 (2.12) |
t(10477) = 15.47** |
t(9918) = 12.85** |
|
Unsafe driving | ||||||||
| Seatbelt use (M, SD) |
2.44 (1.34) |
2.75 (1.47) |
2.46 (1.31) |
2.84 (1.42) |
2.42 (1.37) |
2.66 (1.51) |
t(10513) = 1.46 |
t(10513) = 1.46 |
| Drunk driving (%) | 38.0 | 41.9 | 43.2 | 46.8 | 33.4 | 37.3 | χ2(df = 1, N = 10495) = 107.04** | χ2(df = 1, N = 10084) = 93.62** |
*p < .01; **p < .001.