TABLE II.

Standardized direct cost by active surveillance or watchful waiting (as/ww), or initial treatment for prostate cancer

Reference	Country	as/ww	Initial treatment (2011 Canadian dollars)
			Androgen deprivation therapy	Radical prostatectomy (rp)	External-beam rt	Brachytherapy	Robot-assisted rp or minimally invasive prostatectomy	3D conformal rt	Intensity-modulated rt
Benoit et al., 199824	U.S.A.	—	—	$11,655	—	—	—	—	—
Wagner et al., 199925	U.S.A.	—	—	$29,398	—	$40,941	—	—	—
Brandeis et al., 200026	U.S.A.	—	—	$38,189	$32,001	$30,724	—	—	—
Kohan et al., 200027	U.S.A.	—	—	$27,919	—	$27,882	—	—	—
Penson et al., 200128	U.S.A.	$972	$9,582	$14,698	$14,919	—	—	—	—
Burkhardt et al., 200229	U.S.A.	—	—	$37,146	$30,293	—	—	—	—
Keegan et al., 200230	U.S.A.	$7,920	$12,623	$32,655	—	$25,819	—	—	$65,946
Makhlouf et al., 200231	U.S.A.	—	—	$40,966	—	$47,583	—	—	—
Mouraviev et al., 200732	U.S.A.	—	—	$7,863	—	—	$8,053	—	—
Wilson et al., 200733	U.S.A.	$8,794	$23,491	$23,209	$43,593	$16,249	—	—	—
Crawford et al., 201034	U.S.A.	$5,678	$22,416	$23,674	$31,814	—	—	—	—
Fourcade et al., 201035	U.K.	—	$1,004	$528	$2,671	—	—	—	—
	Germany	—	$2,146	$2,489	$1,200	—	—	—	—
	France	—	$2,340	$3,355	$2,923	—	—	—	—
	Italy	—	$1,484	$4,154	$2,492	—	—	—	—
	Spain	—	$1,760	$1,924	$1,031	—	—	—	—
Eldefrawy et al., 201136	U.S.A.	$1,449	—	$12,217	$26,024	$17,652	$22,376	—	—
Molinier et al., 201137	France	$2,754	$5,193	$5,062	$6,473	—	—	—	—
Nguyen et al., 201138	U.S.A.	—	—	$22,573	—	$23,405	$22,974	$28,218	$43,276
Lowrance et al., 201239	U.S.A.	—	—	$22,615	—	—	$24,383	—	—
Tomaszewski et al., 201240	U.S.A.	—	—	$5,116	—	—	$8,146	—	—

rt = radiation therapy; 3D = three-dimensional.