Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants and nutrient intakes
| All (n = 92) | Men (n = 35) | Women (n = 57) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) |
50.8 ± 1.0 |
49.0 ± 1.7 |
51.8 ± 1.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
25.2 ± 0.4 |
26.3 ± 0.5 |
24.5 ± 0.5a |
| Waist circumference (cm) |
88.8 ± 1.1 |
94.9 ± 1.6 |
85.0 ± 1.2a |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
122 ± 1 |
124 ± 2 |
121 ± 2 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
76 ± 1 |
77 ± 1 |
75 ± 1 |
| Blood glucose (mmol/l) |
4.92 ± 0.06 |
5.06 ± 0.09 |
4.83 ± 0.07(a) |
| hs-CRP (mmol/l) |
1.05 ± 0.09 |
0.71 ± 0.09 |
1.25 ± 0.13a |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) |
5.53 ± 0.09 |
5.44 ± 0.14 |
5.58 ± 0.12 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) |
3.53 ± 0.09 |
3.65 ± 0.14 |
3.45 ± 0.12 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) |
1.78 ± 0.05 |
1.57 ± 0.07 |
1.90 ± 0.06a |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) |
0.93 ± 0.04 |
1.01 ± 0.08 |
0.88 ± 0.05 |
| non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) |
3.75 ± 0.10 |
3.87 ± 0.16 |
3.67 ± 0.13 |
| CAVI |
8.66 ± 0.11 |
8.46 ± 0.18 |
8.78 ± 0.14 |
| RHI |
2.22 ± 0.06 |
2.16 ± 0.09 |
2.27 ± 0.08 |
| Energy (MJ/d) |
7.8 ± 0.2 |
8.4 ± 0.4 |
7.5 ± 0.2 |
| Protein (% of energy) |
17.3 ± 0.3 |
18.4 ± 0.6 |
16.7 ± 0.4a |
| Fat (% of energy) |
34.1 ± 0.7 |
32.9 ± 1.2 |
34.8 ± 0.8 |
| SFA (% of energy) |
11.4 ± 0.3 |
11.5 ± 0.6 |
11.3 ± 0.4 |
| MUFA (% of energy) |
11.8 ± 0.3 |
11.3 ± 0.5 |
12.1 ± 0.4 |
| PUFA (% of energy) |
5.6 ± 0.2 |
5.1 ± 0.3 |
5.9 ± 0.3a |
| Carbohydrates (% of energy) |
41.5 ± 0.7 |
40.5 ± 1.3 |
42.2 ± 0.9 |
| Alcohol (% of energy) |
2.4 ± 0.3 |
3.7 ± 0.7 |
1.6 ± 0.3a |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) |
222.6 ± 10.1 |
247 ± 18.2 |
207.7 ± 11.5a |
| Cholesterol (mg/MJ) |
29.1 ± 1.4 |
30.1 ± 2.0 |
28.5 ± 1.8 |
| Fiber (g/d) |
21.3 ± 0.7 |
20.3 ± 1.2 |
21.8 ± 0.9 |
| Fiber (g/MJ) | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.1a |
Values shown are means ± SEM. BMI = body mass index; CAVI = cardio-ankle vascular index; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein; hs-CRP = high sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; RHI: reactive hyperemia index; SFA: saturated fatty acid.
n = 33/52 (men/women) for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, n = 34/54 for CAVI and n = 34/52 for RHI.
ap < 0.05 or less significantly different from men as analyzed by Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test (alcohol).
(a)p > 0.05 after adjustment with BMI, waist circumference, intakes of protein, PUFA, alcohol, cholesterol (mg/d) and fiber (g/MJ) as analyzed by analysis of covariance.