Table 3.
Characteristics of the participants and nutrient intakes related to arterial stiffness
| CAVI < 8 (n = 25) | CAVI 8–9 (n = 27) | CAVI > 9 (n = 36) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men/women (n) |
11/14 |
12/15 |
11/25 |
| Age (y) |
43.6 ± 1.9 |
48.2 ± 1.5 |
57.1 ± 1.0a,b |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
24.8 ± 0.7 |
25.3 ± 0.8 |
25.3 ± 0.5 |
| Waist circumference (cm) |
86.9 ± 1.8 |
90.4 ± 2.4 |
89.0 ± 1.5 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
120 ± 2 |
117 ± 2 |
128 ± 2(a),b |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
75 ± 1 |
73 ± 1 |
79 ± 1(b) |
| Blood glucose (mmol/l) |
4.75 ± 0.09 |
4.96 ± 0.12 |
5.00 ± 0.09 |
| hs-CRP (mmol/l) |
0.74 ± 0.13 |
1.09 ± 0.17 |
1.14 ± 0.16 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) |
5.24 ± 0.20 |
5.44 ± 0.15 |
5.72 ± 0.14 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) |
3.26 ± 0.16 |
3.52 ± 0.16 |
3.70 ± 0.16 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) |
1.79 ± 0.09 |
1.71 ± 0.08 |
1.76 ± 0.08 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) |
0.77 ± 0.07 |
0.99 ± 0.10 |
1.00 ± 0.07 |
| non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) |
3.45 ± 0.17 |
3.73 ± 0.17 |
3.96 ± 0.17 |
| CAVI |
7.34 ± 0.11 |
8.60 ± 0.05a |
9.62 ± 0.09a,b |
| RHI |
2.15 ± 0.13 |
2.10 ± 0.08 |
2.38 ± 0.09 |
| Energy (MJ/d) |
8.7 ± 0.4 |
7.9 ± 0.4 |
7.2 ± 0.3a |
| Protein (% of energy) |
17.6 ± 0.8 |
17.5 ± 0.7 |
17.2 ± 0.5 |
| Fat (% of energy) |
33.2 ± 1.1 |
33.7 ± 1.4 |
35.1 ± 1.1 |
| SFA (% of energy) |
11.6 ± 0.6 |
10.9 ± 0.5 |
11.7 ± 0.6 |
| MUFA (% of energy) |
11.0 ± 0.5 |
11.7 ± 0.8 |
12.4 ± 0.5 |
| PUFA (% of energy) |
5.4 ± 0.3 |
5.6 ± 0.4 |
5.7 ± 0.3 |
| Carbohydrates (% of energy) |
42.2 ± 1.2 |
41.8 ± 1.5 |
40.9 ± 1.1 |
| Alcohol (% of energy) |
2.2 ± 0.8 |
2.4 ± 0.7 |
2.2 ± 0.5 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) |
209.0 ± 16.9 |
214.3 ± 20.5 |
234.6 ± 16.6 |
| Cholesterol (mg/MJ) |
23.9 ± 1.4 |
26.8 ± 2.1 |
33.7 ± 2.7a |
| Fiber (g/d) |
22.3 ± 1.4 |
21.7 ± 1.3 |
20.3 ± 1.1 |
| Fiber (g/MJ) | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.1 |
Values shown are means ± SEM. BMI = body mass index; CAVI = cardio-ankle vascular index; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein; hs-CRP = high sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; RHI: reactive hyperemia index; SFA: saturated fatty acid
CAVI < 8 depicts normal arterial stiffness; CAVI 8–9 depicts slightly elevated arterial stiffness; CAVI > 9 depicts markedly elevated arterial stiffness.
n = 24/27/34 (CAVI < 8/8-9/>9) for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, n = 25/27/36 for CAVI and n = 25/27/34 for RHI.
ap < 0.05 from the participants with CAVI < 8 as analyzed by univariate analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction. (a)p > 0.05 after adjustment for age, gender and the intakes of energy and cholesterol (mg/MJ) systolic blood pressure did not differ from the participants with CAVI < 8.
bp < 0.05 from the participants with CAVI 8–9 as analyzed by univariate analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction. (b)p > 0.05 after adjustment for age, gender and the intakes of energy and cholesterol (mg/MJ) diastolic blood pressure did not differ from the participants with CAVI 8–9.