Table 1.
|
Electrical properties |
Source |
Thickness (mm) |
Source |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location (sole/rest of foot) | ||||||||
Tissue |
|
|
|
|
Heel |
Arch |
Forefoot |
|
Bone |
ϵr |
10,000 |
[23] |
Sole & rest |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
marrow |
σ (S/m) |
0.09 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cortical |
ϵr |
3,000 |
[23] |
Sole & rest |
6 |
6 |
6 |
[15] |
bone |
σ (S/m) |
0.02 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Muscle |
ϵr |
1.5×106 |
[24] |
Rest |
3 |
3 |
3 |
[25] |
|
σ (S/m) |
0.5 |
|
Sole |
0 |
2 |
0 |
US * |
Fat |
ϵr |
10,000 |
[24] |
Rest |
4 |
4 |
4 |
[16] |
|
σ (S/m) |
0.025 |
|
Sole |
9.7 |
5.3 |
6.1 |
US |
Dermis |
ϵr – r |
1.26×106 |
[22] |
Rest |
1.3 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
[16] |
|
ϵr – z |
4.01×105 |
|
|||||
|
σ (S/m) - r |
2.57 |
|
Sole |
5.1 |
4.3 |
4.6 |
US-SB ** |
|
σ (S/m) - z |
1.62 |
|
|||||
Vital |
ϵr - r |
2.71×105 |
[22] |
Rest |
0.042 |
0.042 |
0.042 |
SB |
epidermis |
ϵr - z |
7.30×104 |
|
|||||
|
σ (S/m) - r |
0.95 |
|
Sole |
0.213 |
0.094 |
0.107 |
SB |
|
σ (S/m) - z |
0.15 |
|
|||||
Stratum |
ϵr |
1,500 |
[21] |
Rest |
0.033 |
0.033 |
0.033 |
SB |
corneum | σ (S/m) | 5×10-4 | Sole | 0.748 | 0.161 | 0.253 | SB |
The relative permittivity (ϵr) and conductivity (σ) were adopted from literature. The geometry values for the sole of the foot were determined from ultrasound (US) scans and the skin biopsies (SB) used for the Nav1.7 immunochemistry. Since the US scans provided only a bulk measure for the entire skin, and the SB provided only an estimate of the thickness of the stratum corneum and vital epidermis (*), the thickness of the dermis was calculated as the thickness of the entire skin subtracted the thickness of the entire epidermis (**, Stratum corneum + Vital epidermis).