Table 2. Concentration of Osteogenic Factors in Physiologic Serum/Plasma and Differentiation Media.
| Physiological concentration in mouse serum (plasma) | Physiological concentration in human serum (plasma) | Conventional concentration reported in the literature* | TBi medium (without FBS) | m4T5i medium (without FBS) | m8T11i medium (without FBS) | 2% FBS | 10% FBS | |
| AA or AA2P (μM) | 44.6a, (R1) | 51.7a, (R2) | 50b, 250b, 238.38a | 50b | 50b | 50b | 0.35a,c,f, (R3) | 1.75a,c,g, (R3) |
| VD3 (nM) | 0.102(R4) | 0.1(R5) | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0.08 | 0.0008c,f, (R6) | 0.0039c,g, 6) |
| BMP-2 (ng/mL) | 1(R7) | 0.09(R8) | 100 | 100 | 12.5 | 0.39 | 0.012f, (R9) | 0.06g, (R9) |
| Hep (μg/mL) | - | 1 ~ 2.4c(R10) | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0.39 | - | - |
| RA (nM) | ~2(R11), 3.6(R12) | 4.6(R12), ~14(R13) | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.72 ~ 1.26f, (R14) | 3.6 ~ 6.2(R14) |
| GC or Dex (nM) | 87 ~ 320c,d, (R15, 16) | 200e, (R17) | 10 | 100 | 0.39 | 200 | 1.7c,d, f,(R18),f, (R18), 4c,e,f, (R18) | 8.5c,d,g, R18), 0c,e,g, (R18) |
| Serum phosphate or beta-GP (mM) | 2.7h, (R19) | 0.8 ~ 1.4h, (R20) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0.046h,f, (R21) | 0.23h,g, (21) |
aAs AA.
bAs AA2P; The effective concentration of AA2P for human osteoblast-like cell is similar to that of AA (R22).
cIn plasma.
dAs corticosterone.
eAs cortisol (hydrocortisone).
fOne-fifth or fiftieth of the original number in the reference.
gOne-tenth of the original number in the reference.
hAs serum phosphate or phosphorus.
iBasal media with each drug cocktail; At MSC osteogenic differentiation assay, these media contained 2 and 10% FBS.
*References in the main text and Supplementary references of osteogenic factors.
(R number): Reference number in the Supplementary reference list for Table 2.
GC: Glucocorticoid. The efficacies of the two hormones for osteoblastogenesis are similar to that of Dex (R23, R24).