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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2013 Jul 24;52(1):10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.06.005. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.06.005

FIG. 5. Role of TNF-α in hematopoietic diseases.

FIG. 5

Under physiological condition, TNF-α regulates hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) function by directly promoting HSC proliferation or indirectly stimulating growth factor secretion/upregulating cytokine receptor expression. However, in the pathological circumstance, overproduced TNF-α results in oxidative stress, overactivated NF-κB and expression changes in other tumor suppressor protein/anti-apoptotic molecules, therefore leads to either cell death or leukemia evolution.