Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants.
| Characteristic | HC (n = 49) |
SCZ (n = 72) |
BD (n = 42) |
Statistical analysis |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCZ vs. BD |
All three groups |
|||||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | t-test | p | F-test | p | |
| Age | 31.9 | 10.4 | 31.47 | 8.29 | 32.57 | 9.673 | −0.642 | 0.522 | 0.191 | 0.827 |
| Subject’s years of education | 13.59 | 1.62 | 12.31 | 2.039 | 12.15 | 2.291 | 0.364 | 0.717 | 7.849 | 0.001* |
| Father’s years of education | 8.53 | 4.22 | 7.62 | 3.697 | 7.31 | 3.317 | 0.447 | 0.655 | 1.454 | 0.237 |
| Mother’s years of education | 7.88 | 4.29 | 6.93 | 3.815 | 4.98 | 4.129 | 2.551 | 0.012* | 6.228 | 0.002* |
| WRAT scores | 49.78 | 4.25 | 49.75 | 5.301 | 49.88 | 4.994 | −0.13 | 0.897 | 0.75 | 0.474 |
| Duration of illness | – | – | 4.77 | 5.317 | 3.32 | 56.39 | 1.394 | 0.166 | – | – |
| Age of onset | – | – | 26.69 | 8.073 | 28.24 | 9.294 | −0.931 | 0.354 | – | – |
| Duration of untreated psychosis | – | – | 1.715 | 2.206 | 0.296 | 0.528 | 4.094 | <0.001* | – | – |
| Mean daily CPZ mg equivalents | – | – | 185.76 | 197.47 | 157.38 | 174.89 | 0.771 | 0.442 | – | – |
| GAF scores | ||||||||||
| Total | – | – | 50.18 | 18.821 | 64.9 | 21.101 | −3.852 | <0.001* | – | – |
| Symptoms | – | – | 54.36 | 20.292 | 64.98 | 21.39 | −2.641 | 0.009* | – | – |
| Disability | – | – | 51.46 | 19.092 | 65.69 | 19.749 | −3.791 | <0.001* | – | – |
| PANSS | ||||||||||
| Positive symptoms | – | – | 10.79 | 3.715 | 8.55 | 2.839 | 3.379 | 0.001* | – | – |
| Negative symptoms | – | – | 8.33 | 2.116 | 7.05 | 0.309 | 3.906 | <0.001* | – | – |
| General psychopathology | – | – | 20.89 | 3.71 | 17.79 | 1.828 | 5.067 | <0.001* | – | – |
| Total score | – | – | 40.01 | 7.135 | 33.38 | 4.120 | 5.506 | <0.001* | – | – |
| YMRS | – | – | 1.56 | 2.469 | 3.4 | 4.607 | 2.485 | 0.015* | – | – |
| N | % | N | % | N | % | χ2 | p | χ2 | p | |
| Male | 28 | 57.1 | 38 | 52.8 | 17 | 40.5 | 1.608 | 0.205 | 2.442 | 0.295 |
| Right-handed | 46 | 93.9 | 70 | 97.2 | 40 | 97.6 | 1.148 | 0.284 | 1.102 | 0.576 |
BD, bipolar disorder; CPZ, chlorpromazine; GAF, global assessment of functioning; HC, healthy controls; PANSS, positive and negative syndrome scale; SCZ, schizophrenia; WRAT, wide range achievement test; YMRS, young mania rating scale. *p < 0.05.