Table 1.

Factors influencing the natural course of emphysema in patients with AATD

Intrinsic factors:
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness	[29]
Bronchodilator reversibility	[9,14,19,30]
Infections in childhood	[31]
Exacerbations	[14,19,32]
Pneumonia	[29,33]
Chronic bronchitis	[29,30,34]
Lower body mass index	[14,35]
Extrinsic factors:
Smoking	[9,29,30]
Professional exposure to dusts and fumes	[36,37]
Air pollution	[38]