Table 4.
Bivariate and multivariate models of the individual-, network- and community-level factors associated with HIV infection among MSM in Douala (n=255) in Cameroon, 2011
| Living with HIV (n=73) | HIV-negative (n=182) | OR (95% CI) | RDS-weighted OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | p | RDS-weighted aOR (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||||||
| Per-year increase for MSM aged 18–29 | 54 (74.0) | 158 (86.8) | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) | 0.005 | 1.13 (1.01–1.27) | 0.03 |
| Per-year increase for MSM aged 30+ | 19 (26.0) | 24 (13.2) | 0.86 (0.73–1.01) | 0.86 (0.72–1.03) | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) | 0.1 | 0.89 (0.72–1.09) | 0.3 |
| Education: higher than secondary | 20 (27.4) | 44 (24.2) | 1.18 (0.64–2.19) | 1.05 (0.52–2.14) | – | – | – | – |
| Occupational status | ||||||||
| Student or apprentice | 17 (23.3) | 92 (50.6) | Ref | Ref | – | – | – | – |
| Employed | 47 (64.4) | 74 (40.7) | 3.44 (1.82–6.48) | 3.66 (1.90–7.04) | – | – | – | – |
| Unemployed | 9 (12.3) | 16 (8.8) | 3.04 (1.16–8.00) | 2.09 (0.72–6.10) | – | – | – | – |
| Christian religion | 64 (87.7) | 160 (87.9) | 0.98 (0.43–2.24) | 1.05 (0.40–2.72) | – | – | – | – |
| Sexual identity: gay | 29 (39.7) | 39 (21.4) | 2.42 (1.34–4.35) | 2.53 (1.27–5.03) | ||||
| Relationship status: single | 54 (75.0) | 160 (87.9) | 0.41 (0.21–0.83) | 0.48 (0.21–1.08) | – | – | – | – |
| Sexual role preference: receptive | 33 (45.2) | 48 (26.4) | 2.30 (1.31–4.06) | 2.23 (1.15–4.31) | 2.96 (1.50–5.82) | 0.002 | 2.33 (1.02–5.32) | 0.045 |
| Age of sexual debut | ||||||||
| 5–17 | 28 (38.4) | 62 (34.1) | Ref | Ref | – | – | – | – |
| 18+ | 45 (61.6) | 120 (65.9) | 0.83 (0.47–1.46) | 0.66 (0.35–1.26) | – | – | – | – |
| Ever accessed CBO service targeting MSM | 65 (89.0) | 125 (68.7) | 3.71 (1.67–8.23) | 4.33 (1.75–10.75) | 3.22 (1.17–8.89) | 0.048 | 4.88 (1.63–14.63) | 0.005 |
| Ever received free condoms | 60 (84.5) | 124 (70.1) | 2.33 (1.14–4.78) | 2.82 (1.22–6.53) | – | – | – | – |
| Generally use CCLs with condoms | 59 (81.9) | 113 (62.8) | 2.69 (1.37–5.27) | 2.89 (1.17–7.16) | 2.32 (1.01–5.34) | 0.049 | 2.29 (0.95–5.53) | 0.07 |
| HIV knowledge composite score, per 20% increase | 85 (8) | 85 (23) | 0.85 (0.56–1.29) | 0.81 (0.49–1.33) | – | – | – | – |
| Social support composite score, per 20% increase | 75 (50) | 63 (50) | 1.06 (0.88–1.29) | 1.11 (0.88–1.40) | – | – | – | – |
| In the past 12 months | ||||||||
| Had male and female sexual partners | 26 (35.6) | 89 (48.9) | 0.58 (0.33–1.01) | 0.50 (0.26–0.96) | – | – | – | – |
| Any STI symptom | 26 (36.1) | 49 (27.4) | 1.50 (0.84–2.68) | 1.38 (0.70–2.74) | – | – | – | – |
| Number of male partners | ||||||||
| 1–3 | 46 (63.0) | 116 (63.7) | Ref | Ref | – | – | – | – |
| 4+ | 27 (37.0) | 66 (36.3) | 1.03 (0.59–1.81) | 1.40 (0.72–2.70) | – | – | – | – |
| Inconsistent condom use: regular male partner(s) | 36 (60.0) | 79 (54.9) | 1.23 (0.67–2.28) | 1.30 (0.64–2.66) | – | – | – | – |
| Inconsistent condom use: casual partner(s) | 15 (28.9) | 76 (52.4) | 0.37 (0.18–0.73) | 0.40 (0.18–0.89) | – | – | – | – |
| Condom slippage or breakage | 77 (44.0) | 34 (47.2) | 1.14 (0.66–1.97) | 1.28 (0.68–2.44) | – | – | – | – |
Bold indicates p-value<0.05.
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CBO, community-based organization; CCL, condom-compatible lubricant; CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range; MSM, men who have sex with men; OR, odds ratio; RDS, respondent-driven sampling; STI, sexually transmitted infection.