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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Dec 5.

Published in final edited form as: J Educ Psychol. 2011 Oct 15;104(3):10.1037/a0027646. doi: 10.1037/a0027646

Standardized path coefficients from genetic Cholesky decomposition model of mathematics (M), word decoding (WD), and reading comprehension (RC) (shown for one member of a twin pair). Measured variables are: Math1 = Understanding Number; Math2 = Non-Numerical Processes; Math3 = Computation and Knowledge; WD1 = TOWRE; WD2 = WJ-III Reading Fluency; RC1 = PIAT_rc; RC2 = GOAL. Asterisk indicates estimate is significantly greater than zero (p < .05).

Standardized path coefficients from genetic Cholesky decomposition model of mathematics (M), word decoding (WD), and reading comprehension (RC) (shown for one member of a twin pair). Measured variables are: Math1 = Understanding Number; Math2 = Non-Numerical Processes; Math3 = Computation and Knowledge; WD1 = TOWRE; WD2 = WJ-III Reading Fluency; RC1 = PIAT_rc; RC2 = GOAL. Asterisk indicates estimate is significantly greater than zero (p < .05).