Table 3.
Possible risk factors for spinal pain (boys N=211, 90/121 with/without spinal pain; girls N=223, 121/102 with/without spinal pain)
| Risk factor | Risk factor categories |
Gender |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| m | f | ||
| Parental pain |
Yes (Child P/child no P) |
192 (83/109) |
190 (109/81) |
| No (Child P/child no P) |
19 (7/12) |
33 (12/21) |
|
| Smoking parents |
Yes (Child P/child no P) |
41 (24/17) |
43 (27/16) |
| No (Child P/child no P) |
170 (66/104) |
180 (94/86) |
|
| Schoolbag |
Backpack (Child P/child no P) |
200 (82/118) |
183 (82/101) |
| Briefcase/shoulder bag (Child P/child no P) |
11 (8/3) |
40 (20/20) |
|
| Computer per week |
<1h/day (Child P/child no P) |
165 (69/96) |
183 (94/89) |
| >1h/day (Child P/child no P) |
46 (21/25) |
40 (27/13) |
|
| Adam’s Sign |
Positive/Asymmetry (Child P/child no P) |
23 (10/13) |
26 (19/7) |
| Negative/Symmetry (Child P/child no P) |
188 (80/108) |
197 (95/102) |
|
| Matthiass Test |
Posture deficit (Child P/child no P) |
74 (28/46) |
74 (37/37) |
| No posture deficit (Child P/child no P) |
137 (62/75) |
149 (84/65) |
|
| Single leg stance with eyes closed |
Reduced (Child P/child no P) |
57 (22/35) |
53 (25/28) |
| Ok on both legs (Child P/child no P) |
154 (68/86) |
170 (96/74) |
|
| Normalized finger floor distance |
Mean child with spinal pain (SD) |
6.27 (5.46) |
3.79 (4.88) |
| Mean child without spinal pain (SD) |
5.59 (5.49) |
3.36 (4.61) |
|
| BMI | Mean child with spinal pain (SD) |
18.03 (2.95) |
18.34 (3.55) |
| Mean child without spinal pain (SD) | 17.22 (2.66) | 17.24 (3.09) | |
BMI=body mass index; f=female; m=male; P=pain; SD=standard deviation.