Effects of HCD and/or LPS treatment on HIF1 activation in WT mice. (A) Western blot for HIF1α protein prepared from livers of high cholesterol-fed or control-diet fed mice after injection with LPS or PBS (control) mice. (B) mRNA levels of HIF1α (C) PDK1 (D) Glut-1 (E) and VEGF after chronic HCD and/or LPS challenge. (F) Effect of cholesterol-load on HIF1α accumulation in vitro. Western blot for HIF1α protein prepared from primary rat hepatocytes incubated with increased concentrations of water-soluble cholesterol for 24 h. Values are expressed as mean±SEM (n=7–9 for each group in vivo or n=3 in vitro). Means without a common letter are statistically different. Con, control; Chol, cholesterol; Glut-1, glucose transporter-1; HIF1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1; PDK1, pyruvate-dehydrogenase kinase-1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.