Figure 1.

Demographic models used in this study. Model 1: constant-size model (N(t) = 10⁴); Model 2: slow-growth (grows exponentially from N(0) = 10⁴ to N(T) = 10⁵); Model 3: moderate-bottleneck model ($N\left(0\le t<0.5T\right)=N\left(0.75\le t\le T\right)=5\times {10}^4\text{ and }N\left(0.5\le t<0.75T\right)={10}^4$); Model 4: rapid-growth model ($\text{grows exponentially from}N(0)={10}^4\text{ to }N(T)={10}^8$); Model 5: severe-bottleneck model ($N\left(0\le t<0.5T\right)=N\left(0.75\le t\le T\right)={10}^6\text{ and }N\left(0.5\le t<0.75T\right)={10}^4$).