Table 1.
Characteristics of All Participants (n= 6,026)
| Characteristic | HbA1c <6% (n=547) | HbA1c 6–6.9% (n=2147) | HbA1c 7%–7.9% (n=1685) | HbA1c 8%–9% (n=836) | HbA1c 9%+ (n=811) | p* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Mean age, years (±SD) | 59.7 (10.9) | 60.5 (9.9) | 59.5 (9.9) | 57.2 (9.9) | 54.5 (10.0) | <0.001 (trend) |
| Ethnicity, % | ||||||
| White | 37 | 26 | 22 | 21 | 16 | <0.001 |
| Black | 19 | 20 | 20 | 18 | 26 | |
| Latino | 17 | 16 | 18 | 22 | 26 | |
| Asian | 10 | 13 | 13 | 10 | 4 | |
| Filipino | 6 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 11 | |
| Other | 11 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 17 | |
| Socioeconomic status measures | ||||||
| Education, % | ||||||
| No degree/GED | 19 | 18 | 15 | 16 | 19 | 0.002 |
| HS/technical/AA | 56 | 56 | 56 | 58 | 59 | |
| Bachelors | 16 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 16 | |
| Post graduate | 9 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 6 | |
| Income, % | ||||||
| <$25,000 | 28 | 27 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 0.08 |
| $25,000–$49,999 | 30 | 31 | 33 | 32 | 35 | |
| $50,000–$79,999 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 26 | 25 | |
| ≥$80,000 | 20 | 19 | 21 | 20 | 18 | |
| DxCG comorbidity score (±SD) | 4.9 (6.3) | 4.4 (4.9) | 4.5 (4.6) | 5.2 (5.4) | 5.2 (5.0) | <0.001 (trend) |
| Number of births, % | ||||||
| 0 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 0.27 |
| 1–2 | 43 | 38 | 37 | 40 | 39 | |
| ≥3 | 42 | 48 | 49 | 46 | 47 | |
| Body mass index, % | ||||||
| <25 | 23 | 21 | 19 | 15 | 13 | <0.001 |
| 25–30 | 30 | 28 | 27 | 29 | 26 | |
| 305 | 21 | 22 | 26 | 24 | 28 | |
| >35 | 26 | 29 | 28 | 32 | 33 | |
| Diabetes duration in years (±SD) | 8.1 (8.2) | 9.7 (9.1) | 11.2 (9.0) | 12.2 (9.5) | 11.5 (8.2) | <0.001 (trend) |
| Diabetes treatment, % | ||||||
| Diet only | 32 | 17 | 4 | 2 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Pills only | 55 | 66 | 69 | 60 | 55 | |
| Insulin only | 9 | 9 | 11 | 15 | 17 | |
| Insulin and pills | 4 | 8 | 16 | 23 | 27 | |
*
p-values are analysis of variance (ANOVA) for categorical variables and test for trend for continuous variables.
AA, associate of arts; DxCG, diagnostic cost group; GED, general educational development, commonly known as a high school (HS) equivalency exam; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SD, standard deviation.