Table 2.

Potential hosts of Leptospira in the western Indian Ocean islands.

Species	Geographic location	Sensitive(1) (S) or resistant(2) (R)	Main clinical signs	Asymptomatic chronic shedding	Economic significance	Existing data on leptospirosis in the Indian Ocean region
Primates
Humans	All islands	S (asymptomatic forms are frequent)	Fever, myalgias, headache, chills, oliguria/anuria, jaundice, conjunctive suffusions, aseptic meningitis, hemorrhages, skin rash, renal and hepatic failure, severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome	Yes	Medical costs, absence from work, mortality	[19-35]
Brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus)	Mayotte, Madagascar	Nd	Nd	Nd	Nd	[15]
Crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis)	Mauritius	Nd	Nd	Nd	Nd	No
Mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz)	Comoros, Madagascar	Nd	Nd	Nd	Nd	No
Rodents
Black rat (Rattus rattus)	All islands	R	Absent	Yes	Cost of control (traps, poison, time)	[15,17,36,37]
Norway rat (R. norvegicus)	Reunion, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar	R	Absent	Yes	Cost of control (traps, poison, time)	[17,36]
Domestic mouse (Mus musculus)	All islands	R	Absent	Yes	Cost of control (traps, poison, time)	[17,36]
Terrestrial insectivores
Shrew (Suncus murinus)	Mauritius, Reunion, Comoros, Madagascar	R	Absent	Yes	Cost of control (traps, poison, time)	[17,36]
Tenrec (Tenrec ecaudatus)	Reunion, Mayotte, Comoros, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar	Nd	Nd	Not proved	Nd	[17,38]
Carnivores
Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica)	Mayotte, Madagascar	Nd	Nd	Nd	Nd	[37]
Dog(Canis lupus familiaris)	All islands	R or S*	Fever, oliguria/anuria, jaundice, haemorrhages, renal and hepatic failure	Yes	Cost of control of the stray populations	[15,17,19]
Cat (Felis catus)	All islands	R or S*	Mild, non-specific signs	Yes	Cost of control of the stray populations	[17]
Livestock
Cattle (Bos taurus)	All islands	R or S*	Reproductive failure	Yes	Poor reproductive results, abortion, neonatal morbidity	[17,19,20,37,39-41] Pasteur Institute (unpublished data)
Goat (Capra hircus)	All islands	R or S*	Reproductive failure	Yes	Poor reproductive results, abortion, neonatal morbidity	[17,37]
Swine (Sus scrofa)	All islands	R or S*	Reproductive failure	Yes		[17,19,20]
Rusa deer (Timorensis rusa)	Reunion, Mauritius	R or S*	Reproductive failure	Yes	Poor reproductive results, abortion, neonatal morbidity	[17]
Equine
Horse (Equus ferus)	All islands	R or S*	Acute form, reproductive failure, chronic uveitis	Nd	Cost of veterinary care, abortion, neonatal morbidity	[19,41]
Bats
Free-tailed bat (Mormopterus francoismoutoui)	Reunion	Probably R	Nd	Yes	Nd	[17]
Seychelles flying-fox (Pteropus seychellensis)	Mayotte, Comoros, Seychelles	Probably R	Nd	Nd	Nd	[15,37]
Peters’s wrinkle-lipped bat (Mormopterus jugularis)	Madagascar	Probably R	Nd	Nd	Nd	[42]
Madagascar free-tailed bat (Otomops madagascariensis)	Madagascar	Probably R	Nd	Nd	Nd	[42]
Trouessart’s trident bat (Triaenops furculum)s	Madagascar	Probably R	Nd	Nd	Nd	[42]
Trident bats (Triaenops menamena)	Madagascar	Probably R	Nd	Nd	Nd	[42]
Glen’s long-fingered bat (Miniopterus gleni)	Madagascar	Probably R	Nd	Nd	Nd	[42]
Miniopterus griffithsi	Madagascar	Probably R	Nd	Nd	Nd	[42]
Miniopterus mahafaliensis	Madagascar	Probably R	Nd	Nd	Nd	[42]
Malagasy mouse-eared bat (Myotis goudoti)	Madagascar	Probably R	Nd	Nd	Nd	[42]
Comoro rousette (Rousettus obliviosus)	Comoros	Probably R	Nd	Nd	Nd	[42]
Western Seychelles Free-tailed bat (Chaerephon pusillus)	Mayotte, Comoros	Probably R	Nd	Nd	Nd	[42]
Miniopterus griveaudi	Comoros, Madagascar	Probably R	Nd	Nd	Nd	[42]

⁽¹⁾ The animal is infected and shows clinical signs of the disease.

⁽²⁾ The animal is infected without clinical signs of the disease.

* These species are generally asymptomatic, but some Leptospira strains can induce acute forms of the disease (e.g. Icterohaemorrhagiae in dog or in horse).

Nd: no data.