Table 1.
Means (SD) and percentage values of anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics and health risk behaviors of the KTHS 2010 study sample classified by BMI groups
| Variables | Normal-weighta(n = 184) | Overweightb(n = 73) | Obesec(n = 56) | Total(n = 313) | Cronbach’s α |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age (yrs), mean, SD |
35.6 (10.2)1 |
39.7 (11.0) |
39.2 (10.9) |
37.2 (10.6) |
|
|
Height (cm), mean, SD |
167.4 (6.7) |
166.5 (8.1) |
166.6 (7.2) |
167.1 (7.2) |
|
|
Weight (kg), mean, SD |
61.2 (7.0)2 |
75.1 (8.0) |
96.4 (13.1) |
70.8 (15.8) |
|
|
BMI (kg/m2), mean, SD |
21.8 (1.9)2 |
27.0 (1.2) |
34.8 (4.5) |
25.4 (5.5) |
|
|
Graduation, % |
|
|
|
|
|
| Secondary general school |
6.0 |
11.0 |
17.9 |
9.3 |
|
| Secondary modern school |
66.8 |
58.9 |
66.1 |
64.9 |
|
| High school graduate |
14.7 |
13.7 |
7.1 |
13.1 |
|
| Other graduation |
12.5 |
16.4 |
8.9 |
12.8 |
|
|
Native country |
|
|
|
|
|
| Germany |
85.9 |
80.8 |
85.7 |
84.7 |
|
| Othersd |
14.1 |
19.2 |
14.3 |
15.3 |
|
|
Habitual Physical Activity (HPA), mean, SD |
|
|
|
|
0.924 |
| Work indexe |
2.8 (0.4) |
2.8 (0.4) |
2.8 (0.3) |
2.8 (0.4) |
|
| Sport indexf |
2.8 (0.7)3 |
2.7 (0.6) |
2.5 (0.5) |
2.7 (0.6) |
|
| Leisure time indexg |
2.7 (0.7) |
2.6 (0.7) |
2.5 (0.6) |
2.7 (0.7) |
|
| HPA scoreh |
8.5 (1.2)4 |
8.0 (1.1) |
7.7 (1.2) |
8.3 (1.2) |
|
|
Smoking status, % |
|
|
|
|
0.995 |
| Current smoker |
28.8 |
27.4 |
19.6 |
26.8 |
|
| Non-smoker |
71.2 |
72.6 |
80.4 |
73.2 |
|
| Incl. former smoker |
15.2 |
19.2 |
28.6 |
19.2 |
|
| Incl. never smoker |
56.0 |
53.4 |
51.8 |
54.0 |
|
|
Screen viewing activity, % |
|
|
|
|
|
| TV/DVD viewing on weekdaysi |
|
|
|
|
0.922 |
| < 3 h/day |
78.3 |
72.9 |
72.7 |
76.1 |
|
| ≥ 3 h/day |
21.7 |
27.1 |
27.3 |
23.9 |
|
| TV/DVD viewing on weekendsj |
|
|
|
|
|
| < 3 h/day |
50.3 |
51.5 |
44.4 |
49.5 |
|
| ≥ 3 h/day |
49.7 |
48.5 |
55.6 |
50.5 |
|
| Computer use on weekdaysk |
|
|
|
|
|
| < 3 h/day |
92.9 |
94.3 |
89.1 |
92.5 |
|
| ≥ 3 h/day |
7.1 |
5.7 |
10.9 |
7.5 |
|
| Computer use on weekendsl |
|
|
|
|
|
| < 3 h/day |
87.8 |
82.6 |
72.7 |
83.9 |
|
| ≥ 3 h/day |
12.25 |
17.4 |
27.3 |
16.1 |
|
|
Perception of weight status and associated health risks, % |
|
|
|
|
0.946 |
| General abililty to identify overweight silhouettesm |
44.8 |
46.6 |
41.1 |
44.6 |
|
| KTs who identified overweight and obese silhouettes as at risk for physical health problemsn |
38.8 |
35.6 |
50.0 |
40.1 |
|
| KTs who identified overweight and obese silhouettes as at risk for mental health problemso |
20.8 |
19.2 |
25.0 |
21.2 |
|
|
Eating together with the family, %p |
|
|
|
|
- |
| Never/seldom |
9.6 |
10.3 |
16.7 |
11.0 |
|
| Sometimes/often/always |
90.4 |
89.7 |
83.3 |
89.0 |
|
|
Have breakfast, %q |
|
|
|
|
- |
| Never/seldom |
15.4 |
12.9 |
18.5 |
15.4 |
|
| Sometimes/often/always |
84.6 |
87.1 |
81.5 |
84.6 |
|
|
Television use during meals, %r |
|
|
|
|
- |
| Never/seldom |
50.3 |
50.7 |
39.6 |
48.5 |
|
| Sometimes/often/always | 49.7 | 49.3 | 60.4 | 51.5 |
SD = standard deviation; Yrs. = years; KTs = kindergarten teachers.
aBMI 18.5 - 24.99 kg/m2.
bBMI 25–29.99 kg/m2.
cBMI ≥ 30 kg/m2.
dOther countries included Turkey, Poland, Russia, and Kazakhstan.
en = 261.
fn = 260.
gn = 238.
hn = 193.
in = 305.
jn = 303.
kn = 307.
ln = 304.
mn = 312.
nn = 312.
on = 312.
pn = 299.
qn = 306.
rn = 303.
1P ≤ 0.05 for ANOVA with post hoc comparison using Bonferroni adjustment for differences between the normal-weight and overweight category.
2P ≤ 0.01 for ANOVA with post hoc comparison using Tamhanes-T2 adjustment for differences between all BMI categories and weight categories.
3P ≤ 0.01 for ANOVA with post hoc comparison using Bonferroni adjustment for differences between the normal-weight and obesity categories.
4P ≤ 0.01 for ANOVA with post hoc comparison using Tamhanes-T2 adjustment for differences between the normal weight and obesity categories.
5P ≤ 0.05 for Chi-square tests for differences between the BMI categories.