Table 3.

Studies evaluating prediagnosis dietary fat subtypes in relation to breast cancer and all-cause mortality^a

Reference	Location	Design	Sample (n)	Dietary assessment method	Contrast	RR/HR (95% CI) for breast cancer mortality	RR/HR (95% CI) for all-cause mortality	Covariates
Saturated fat (SF)/animal fat
Kyoguku et al. 1992 (35)	Japan	Prospective cohort study (follow-up of cases from a case-control study)	212 Japanese women Mean age: 55 years Stage I–III cancer 47 deaths	Diet history	Animal fat Quartile 4 versus 1	1.3 (0.4–4.1)	Not available	Disease stage, BMI, age at menarche, age at first birth, age at operation, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, operative procedure, each of the nutrients
Jain et al. 1994 (28)	Canada	Prospective cohort study (follow-up of cases from an RCT)	678 histologically confirmed cases of invasive carcinoma Age: 45–64 years 83 total deaths 76 breast cancer deaths	Diet history questionnaire	SF (g): 10 units/d	1.23 (0.97–1.55)	Not available	Energy, age at biopsy, body weight, smoking
					SF/total fat%: 10 units/d	2.00 (1.12–3.56)
					SF energy/ energy%: 5 units/d	1.50 (1.08–2.08)
					SF(g) Quartile 4 versus 1	1.91 (0.73–5.02)
					SF (% energy) Quartile 4 versus 1	2.32 (1.22–4.40)
					SF/total fat (%) Quartile 4 versus 1	1.93 (1.00–3.74)
Zhang et al. 1995 (64)	United States	Prospective cohort study	698 postmenopausal women with unilateral (in situ to distal) breast cancer Age: 56–67 years 56 total deaths 40 cancer deaths	FFQ	SF(g) Tertile 3 versus 1	Not available	2.4(1.1–4.9)	Age, extent of disease (in situ, local, regional, distant), ER status, tumor size, smoking, education
					SF (% energy) Tertile 3 versus 1		1.7 (0.8–3.5)
Jain & Miller 1997 (27)	Canada	Prospective cohort study (follow-up of cases from an RCT)	676 cases of invasive breast carcinoma with dietary information within the Canadian National Breast Screening Study cohort Mean age: 49.9 years 76 breast cancer deaths	Diet questionnaire	SF (unit: 10 g) Not adjusted for ER	1.16 (0.88–1.53)	Not available	Energy, age at diagnosis, body weight, smoking, ER status
					Adjusted for ER SF energy/energy (unit: 5%)	1.21 (0.92–1.60)
					Not adjusted for ER	1.55 (1.00–2.37)
					Adjusted for ER	1.65 (1.07–2.56)
Borugian et al. 2004 (12)	Canada	Prospective cohort study	603 breast cancer patients Age: 19–75 years 112 breast cancer deaths	FFQ	SF (g/day) Quartile 4 versus 1	2.5 (1.2–5.3)	Not available	Age, energy, and stage at diagnosis
McEligot et al. 2006 (40)	United States	Prospective cohort study	516 postmenopausal women Mean age: 65 years 96 total deaths 41 breast cancer deaths	FFQ	SF (% energy) Tertile 3 versus 1	Not available	4.45 (2.26–8.78)	Stage of disease, age at diagnosis, BMI, parity, HRT use, alcohol use, multivitamin use, energy
Monounsaturated fat (MUFA)
Jain et al. 1994 (28)	Canada	Prospective cohort study (follow-up of cases from an RCT)	678 histologically confirmed cases of invasive carcinoma Age: 45–64 years 83 total deaths 76 breast cancer deaths	Diet history questionnaire	Oleic acid (g) per 10 units/day	1.25 (0.90–1.74)	Not available	Energy, age at biopsy, body weight, smoking
Zhang et al. 1995 (64)	United States	Prospective cohort study	698 postmenopausal women with unilateral (in situ to distal) breast cancer Age: 56–67 years 56 total deaths 40 cancer deaths	FFQ	MUFA (g) Tertile 3 versus 1 MUFA (% energy)	Not available	2.3 (1.1–4.7)	Age, extent of disease (in situ, local, regional, distant), ER status, tumor size, smoking, education
					Tertile 3 versus 1		1.8(0.9–3.8)
Jain & Miller 1997 (27)	Canada	Prospective cohort study (follow-up of cases from an RCT)	676 cases of invasive breast carcinoma Mean age: 49.9 years 76 breast cancer deaths	Diet questionnaire	Oleic acid (unit: 10 g)		Not available	Energy, age at diagnosis, body weight, smoking, ER status
					No ER in models	1.27 (0.87–1.85)
					With ER in models	1.33 (0.91–1.95)
McEligot et al. 2006 (40)	United States	Prospective cohort study	516 postmenopausal women Mean age: 65 years 96 total deaths 41 breast cancer deaths	FFQ	Oleic acid (% energy) Tertile 3 versus 1	Not available	3.56 (1.67–7.59)	Disease stage, age at diagnosis, BMI, parity, HRT, alcohol use, multivitamin use, energy
Polyunsaturated fat (PUFA)
Kyoguku et al. 1992 (35)	Japan	Prospective cohort study (follow-up of cases from a case-control study)	212 Japanese women Mean age: 55 years Stage I—III cancer 47 deaths	Diet history	Fish origin Quartile 4 versus 1	1.4 (0.5–4.3)	Not available	Disease stage, BMI, age at menarche, age at first birth, age at operation, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, operative procedure, and each of the nutrients
Jain et al. 1994 (28)	Canada	Prospective cohort study (follow-up of cases from an RCT)	678 histologically confirmed cases of invasive carcinoma Age: 45–64 years 83 total deaths 76 breast cancer deaths	Diet history questionnaire	LA (g): per 5 units/day	0.92 (0.67–1.24)	Not available	Energy, age at biopsy, body weight, smoking
Zhang et al. 1995 (64)	United States	Prospective cohort study	698 postmenopausal women with unilateral (in situ to distal) breast cancer Age: 56–67 years 56 total deaths 40 cancer deaths	FFQ	PUFA (g)		Not available	Age, extent of disease (in situ, local, regional, distant), ER status, tumor size, smoking status, education level
					Tertile 3 versus 1	1.5 (0.7–3.0)
					PUFA (% energy)
					Tertile 3 versus 1	1.3 (0.6–2.6)
Holmes et al. 1999 (25)	United States	Prospective cohort study	1,504 women with invasive breast cancer	FFQ	Omega-3 FA (g) Quintile 5 versus 1	Not available	0.63 (0.42–0.95)	Age, diet interval, calendar year of diagnosis, BMI, oral contraceptive use, menopausal status, HRT, smoking, age at first birth and parity, number of metastatic lymph nodes, tumor size, energy
McEligot et al. 2006 (40)	United States	Prospective cohort study	516 postmenopausal women Mean age: 65 years 96 total deaths 41 breast cancer deaths	FFQ	LA (% energy) Tertile 3 versus 1	Not available	2.39 (1.21–4.69)	Disease stage, age at diagnosis, BMI, parity, HRT, alcohol use, multivitamin use, energy

^aAbbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ER, estrogen receptor; FA, fatty acid; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; HR, hazard ratio; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; LA, linoleic acid; NCI, National Cancer Institute; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RR, rate ratio.