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Degradation steps of 3-ketosteroids catalyzed by Δ1-KSTD and 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylase. The key metabolic compound 4-AD is converted into the unstable intermediate 9-OHADD, which undergoes spontaneous, nonenzymatic B-ring cleavage and A-ring aromatization to form HSA. See main text for further information.
