Table 6.
Predicted immunomodulatory activities
| Gene | Immunomodulatory Activity | Pathogen | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Immune response-inducing genes | |||
| MALT1 |
Inhibition of MALT1 stopped c-Rel activation and Th-17 immunity to Candida species |
C. albicans |
[33] |
| SERPINE1 |
SERPINE1 Inhibits plasmin formation. Plasmin bound C. albicans showed increased invasiveness. |
C. albicans |
[35] |
| ICAM1 |
Inhibition of ICAM-1 stopped adherence of C. albicans to human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) and resulted in a decreased activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 |
C. albicans |
[38] |
| IL8 |
see ICAM1 |
|
[38] |
| IL1A |
IL-1 α from C. albicans infected oral epithelial cells up-regulated secretion IL-8 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) |
C. albicans |
[41] |
| FYN |
FYN knockout mice were shown to have increased Th2 type immune response |
|
[54] |
| STAT1 |
Defects in STAT1 result in defective Th17-type and Th1-type responses |
|
[63,64] |
| CCL2 |
Neutralizing CCL2 resulted in increased mortality and pathogen burden in the lungs of mice with invasive aspergillosis |
A. fumigatus |
[46] |
| MAP3K8 |
MAP3K8 deficient mice exhibited low-level of TNF- α and ERK production |
|
[60] |
| MAP3K14 |
MAP3K14 Activated MAPKs |
|
[61] |
| NFKB1 |
Component of NF- κB |
|
|
| RELA |
Component of NF- κB |
|
|
| EREG |
EREG is important in the proliferation and differentiation of macrophages. It was up-regulated when alveolar macrophages were challenged with conidia of A. fumigatus |
A. fumigatus |
[58] |
| IL12A |
Central for the induction of TH1-type cytokines |
|
[63,64] |
| TRIB3 |
TRIB3 senses the presence of cellular nutrient in PI3K/AKT signaling |
|
[62] |
| CLCF1 |
Activates the Jak-STAT signaling cascade? |
|
|
| LYN |
Inhibiting the ICAM-1-binding activity? |
|
|
|
Immune response-repressing genes | |||
| PLAUR |
PLAUR promotes plasmin formation. Plasmin bound C. albicans showed increased invasiveness. |
C. albicans |
[35] |
| DUSP8 |
DUSP8 inhibits MAPK/ERK. Inactivation of MAPK/ERK correlated with a decrease in the activation of innate immunity against A. fumigatus in a mice model |
A. fumigatus |
[43] |
| DUSP6 |
DUSP6 inhibits MAPK/ERK (see DUSP8) |
|
|
| SPRED2 |
SPRED2 inhibits MAPK/ERK (see DUSP8) |
|
|
| NFKBIA |
Inhibits NF- κB. Inhibition of NF- κ decreased neutrophil phagocytosis and microbicide capacity |
C. albicans |
[50] |
| TNIP1 |
Inhibits NF- κB |
|
[49] |
| PMP22 |
Up-regulation of Hedgehog pathway increased cellular permissiveness for hepatitis C virus replication |
|
[52] |
| THBD | Up-regulation of Hedgehog pathway increased cellular permissiveness for hepatitis C virus replication | [52] | |
Genes and their predicted immunomodulatory activities for up-regulated bicluster B1.