Table 3.
Relationship between average daily soft drink consumption and body composition variablesa
| |
|
New Zealand |
Fiji |
Tonga |
Australia |
All |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cans per day | Pacific (N = 770) | Maori (N = 348) | Asian (N = 134) | European (N = 233) | All New Zealand (N = 1485) | Indigenous Fijian (N = 611) | Fijian Indian (N = 832) | All Fiji (N = 1443) | Tongan (N = 1019) | Australian (N = 1673) | All (N = 5620)d | |
| Mean BMIb |
0 |
25.10 (0.40) |
23.76 (0.63) |
20.52 (0.40) |
21.21 (0.27) |
23.70 (0.35) |
21.69 (0.26) |
18.87 (0.20) |
20.05 (0.15) |
21.95 (0.14) |
20.68 (0.10) |
21.52 (0.10) |
| Increment in BMIc |
>0-2 |
0.04 (0.46) |
-0.13 (0.61) |
-0.33 (0.33) |
0.56 (0.32) |
0.11 (0.34) |
-0.17 (0.23) |
0.09 (0.22) |
-0.01 (0.13) |
0.46 (0.14)† |
0.07 (0.14) |
0.17 (0.10) |
| >2 |
0.12 (0.60) |
2.03 (0.86)* |
0.73 (0.63) |
1.79 (0.69)* |
0.88 (0.52) |
0.52 (0.44) |
-0.14 (0.38) |
0.16 (0.29) |
1.42 (0.25)‡ |
0.46 (0.23)* |
0.75 (0.21)‡ |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mean BMIzb |
0 |
1.36 (0.08) |
1.00 (0.15) |
0.05 (0.12) |
0.26 (0.07) |
0.97 (0.08) |
0.40 (0.08) |
-0.67 (0.08) |
-0.22 (0.06) |
0.60 (0.04) |
0.28 (0.03) |
0.38 (0.03) |
| Increment in BMIzc |
>0-2 |
0.01 (0.09) |
0.00 (0.14) |
-0.14 (0.09) |
0.13 (0.07) |
0.03 (0.08) |
-0.04 (0.07) |
0.01 (0.09) |
-0.01 (0.05) |
0.11 (0.04)* |
0.02 (0.04) |
0.05 (0.03) |
| >2 |
0.04 (0.12) |
0.51 (0.20)* |
0.27 (0.17) |
0.53 (0.17)† |
0.23 (0.12) |
0.17 (0.13) |
-0.05 (0.16) |
0.04 (0.11) |
0.37 (0.07)‡ |
0.15 (0.07)* |
0.20 (0.06)‡ |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mean %BFb |
0 |
31.10 (1.07) |
28.94 (1.45) |
21.96 (0.54) |
24.22 (0.53) |
28.48 (0.82) |
20.78 (0.64) |
22.29 (0.51) |
21.61 (0.41) |
21.16 (0.58) |
26.30 (0.26) |
24.59 (0.28) |
| Increment in %BFc |
>0-2 |
-0.88 (1.12) |
-0.43 (1.28) |
-0.59 (0.89) |
0.27 (0.94) |
-0.36 (0.85) |
-0.70 (0.45) |
0.23 (0.61) |
-0.11 (0.38) |
1.64 (0.47)‡ |
-0.22 (0.44) |
0.36 (0.31) |
| >2 |
-0.81 (1.52) |
5.38 (1.93)† |
1.94 (1.23) |
6.01 (3.38) |
1.84 (1.48) |
0.77 (1.04) |
-0.50 (0.81) |
0.13 (0.70) |
3.32 (0.43)‡ |
-0.17 (0.70) |
1.49 (0.56)* |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mean TFMb |
0 |
22.91 (1.27) |
20.67 (1.75) |
12.34 (0.54) |
15.11 (0.44) |
20.07 (0.97) |
12.53 (0.54) |
11.19 (0.41) |
11.69 (0.34) |
12.89 (0.42) |
15.05 (0.20) |
15.03 (0.25) |
| Increment in TFMc | >0-2 |
-0.04 (1.34) |
-0.41 (1.69) |
-0.49 (0.51) |
0.56 (1.03) |
0.06 (1.02) |
-0.57 (0.44) |
0.21 (0.47) |
-0.04 (0.33) |
1.38 (0.36)‡ |
-0.02 (0.31) |
0.40 (0.28) |
| >2 | 0.32 (1.68) | 6.23 (2.45)* | 1.66 (0.94) | 5.70 (2.83)* | 2.58 (1.54) | 1.11 (0.96) | -0.58 (0.70) | 0.28 (0.63) | 3.16 (0.45)‡ | 0.09 (0.64) | 1.76 (0.55)† | |
aAdjusted for age and sex. “New Zealand All”, “Fiji All” and “All countries” were further adjusted for ethnicity; bStandard error in parentheses; cCompared to “0 cans per day” (reference category). Standard error in parentheses; dR2 for BMI, BMIz, %BF and TFM models = 0.312, 0.310, 0.245 and 0.225, respectively; BMI = Body mass index (kg/m2); BMIz = BMI z-score; %BF = Percent body fat (%); TFM = Total fat mass (kg); *P<0.05; †P <0.01; ‡P <0.001.