Figure 2. Effect of central administration of saline (0.9% NaCl; N = 8) or 40 ng/0.2 µL bicuculline methiodide (N = 8) into the dorsomedial (DMH) and posterior (PH) hypothalamic nuclei on the frequency (A and C) and duration (B and D) of forward escape behavior (A and B), and defensive backward movements (C and D). The columns indicate the mean and the bars represent the standard error of the mean. ^*P < 0.05 compared to the saline (DMH)-treated group, ⁺P < 0.001 compared to the bicuculline (DMH)-treated group, ^#P < 0.001 compared to the saline (PH)-treated group (one-way ANOVA, followed by the Newman-Keuls post hoc test).