Table 1. General characteristics and metabolic parameters of the study subjects in relation to the classification by body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (PBF).
| Variables (N = 3859) | Group 1 [normal BMI/normal PBF (N = 1961)] | Group 2 [normal BMI/abnormal PBF (N = 381)] | Group 3 [abnormal BMI/normal PBF (N = 681)] | Group 4 [abnormal BMI/abnormal PBF (N = 836)] | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 996 (50.8) | 62 (16.3) | 611 (89.7) | 504 (60.3) | |
| Female | 965 (49.2) | 319 (83.7) | 70 (10.3) | 332 (39.7) | |
| Age group | <0.001 | ||||
| Less than 30 years | 208 (10.6) | 10 (2.6) | 34 (5.0) | 50 (6.0) | |
| 30-44 years | 1092 (55.7) | 173 (45.4) | 382 (56.1) | 391 (46.8) | |
| 45-59 years | 605 (30.9) | 181 (47.5) | 251 (36.9) | 367 (43.9) | |
| 60 years and above | 56 (2.9) | 17 (4.5) | 14 (2.1) | 28 (3.3) | |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Smoking | 375 (19.1) | 30 (7.9) | 231 (33.9) | 225 (26.9) | <0.001 |
| Drinking | 251 (12.8) | 25 (6.6) | 137 (20.1) | 119 (14.2) | <0.001 |
| Exercise | 564 (28.8) | 103 (27.0) | 210 (30.8) | 245 (29.3) | 0.692 |
| Family history | 225 (11.5) | 51 (13.4) | 84 (12.3) | 107 (12.8) | 0.629 |
| Age (years) | 40.85 ± 9.14† | 45.16 ± 8.03¶ | 42.66 ± 7.85‡ | 43.75 ± 8.69§ | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.88 ± 2.04† | 23.22 ± 1.23‡ | 26.46 ± 1.25§ | 27.94 ± 2.18¶ | <0.001 |
| PB (%) | 20.53 ± 6.01† | 31.76 ± 3.16¶ | 22.31 ± 3.05‡ | 31.01 ± 4.47§ | <0.001 |
| WHR | 0.81 ± 0.05† | 0.85 ± 0.03‡ | 0.91 ± 0.03§ | 0.96 ± 0.06¶ | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 109.81 ± 11.21† | 111.81 ± 11.46‡ | 116.52 ± 9.77§ | 118.07 ± 10.00¶ | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72.04 ± 8.05† | 73.23 ± 7.72‡ | 77.35 ± 6.93§ | 77.95 ± 7.15§ | <0.001 |
| FPG (mM) | 5.34 ± 0.43† | 5.42 ± 0.45‡ | 5.50 ± 0.40§ | 5.54 ± 0.41§ | <0.001 |
| TC (mM) | 4.58 ± 0.88† | 4.80 ± 0.88‡ | 4.84 ± 0.85‡§ | 4.91 ± 0.90§ | <0.001 |
| TG (mM) | 1.22 ± 0.85† | 1.30 ± 0.79† | 1.87 ± 1.16§ | 1.76 ± 1.05‡ | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mM) | 1.48 ± 0.38§ | 1.50 ± 0.36§ | 1.18 ± 0.27† | 1.27 ± 0.30‡ | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mM) | 2.54 ± 0.78† | 2.71 ± 0.79‡ | 2.80 ± 0.82§ | 2.85 ± 0.81§ | <0.001 |
Data are reported as number with percent in parentheses or means ± SD. P values were obtained from comparisons among the four groups. The chi-square test was used to analyze categorical variables and ANOVA was used to analyze numerical variables. †, ‡, §, and ¶ were derived from post hoc multiple comparisons (S-N-K). The level of significance was 0.05. In a row, different symbols indicate statistically significant differences. Group 1 (both normal BMI and PBF): BMI <25 kg/m2 and PBF <25% (male) or <30% (female); group 2 (normal BMI but abnormal PBF): BMI <25 kg/m2 and PBF ≥25% (male) or ≥30% (female); group 3 (abnormal BMI but normal PBF): BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and PBF <25% (male) or <30% (female); group 4 (both abnormal BMI and PBF): BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and PBF ≥25% (male) or ≥30% (female). WHR = waist-hip ratio; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglyceride; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.