Figure 5. Effects of 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) on the expression of α-synuclein and light chain 3 (LC3) in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺)-treated PC12 cells. Twenty-four hours after MPP⁺ or MPP⁺ plus NBP incubation, the intracellular protein expression of α-synuclein and LC3 was evaluated by immunoblotting. Protein extracted from cells without any treatment was used as control. Representative images and quantification of the protein revealed the expressions of α-synuclein (A) and LC3 (B) protein. β-actin was used as a control of protein loading. Levels of α-synuclein and LC3-II proteins were normalized to β-actin. Data are reported as means ± SD. ^*P < 0.01 compared to control; ^#P < 0.01 compared to treatment with MPP⁺ alone (ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test).