Table 2. Univariate and multivariate analyses of covariates for cases and controls.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis∞ | ||||
| Variable | Category | Case | Control | Crude Odds ratio (95%CI), p value | Adjusted OR (95%CI),p value |
| Sex | Men | 217 (47.2) | 437 (61.8) | 1 | 1 |
| Women | 243 (52.8) | 270 (38.2) | 1.81(1.43 to 2.29), p<0.0001* | 3.01 (1.73 to 5.25), p<0.0001* | |
| Marital status | Married | 299 (65.0) | 611 (86.4) | 1 | 1 |
| Unmarried¥ | 161 (35.0) | 96 (13.6) | 3.43 (2.57 to 4.57), p<0.0001* | 5.31 (2.59 to 10.87), p<0.0001* | |
| ‘Ever’ went to school | Yes | 128 (27.9) | 281 (40) | 1 | |
| No | 331 (72.1) | 421 (60) | 1.73 (1.34 to2.23), p<0.0001* | NA | |
| ‘Ever’ owned shoes | Yes | 245 (53.4) | 364 (51.5) | 1 | |
| No | 214 (46.6) | 343 (48.5) | 0.93 (0.73 to 1.17), p = 0.528 | NA | |
| Currently owns shoes (of ‘ever’ owned shoes) | Yes | 223 (90.3) | 354 (97.5) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 24 (9.7) | 9 (2.5) | 4.23 (1.93 to 9.27), p<0.0001* | 3.32 (1.07 to 10.33), p = 0.039* | |
| Wearing protective shoes during interview | Yes | 88 (19.3) | 110 (16.2) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 367 (80.7) | 568 (83.8) | 0.81 (0.59 to 1.10), p = 0.176 | 0.39 (0.24 to 0.65), p<0.0001* | |
| State of feet at interview | Clean and intact | 176 (38.5) | 454 (64.2) | 1 | 1 |
| Dirty | 103 (22.5) | 144 (20.4) | 1.85 (1.36 to 2.51), P<0.001* | 1.44 (0.73 to 2.83), p = 0.295 | |
| Cracked | 68 (14.9) | 42 (5.9) | 4.18 (2.74 to 6.37), P<0.001* | 6.04 (2.74 to 13.32), p<0.0001* | |
| Dirty and Cracked | 110 (24.1) | 67 (9.5) | 4.24 (2.98 to 6.01), P<0.001* | 1.65 (0.85 to 3.21), p = 0.140 | |
| Wore shoes before age 30 | Yes | 88 (36.1) | 231 (64.2) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 156 (63.9) | 129 (35.8) | 3.17 (2.26 to 4.45), p<0.0001* | 3.53 (2.22 to 5.62), p<0.0001* |
∞
Note: all variables were adjusted for: sex, marital status, ‘ever’ went to school, ‘ever’ owned shoes, currently owns shoes, wearing protective shoes, foot cleanliness, income, had shoes before age 30, months spent on farming, time spent walking to and frequency of traveling to the regular market.
¥unmarried included: single, divorced, separated, and widowed; NA = variable was not included in the final regression model; Data are number (%) or mean (SD) or median (Minimum - Maximum).