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Components of mTOR signaling. For mTORC1 activation, the TSC1–TSC2 complex integrates positive and negative signals from PI3K-AKT and LKB1-AMPK pathways, respectively. TSC-independent pathways may also feed into mTORC1 (e.g. AMPK-mediated direct phosphorylation of RAPTOR results in mTORC1 inhibition). Activation of mTORC2 is less studied, although the ribosome has been implicated in this process. Distinct downstream effector molecules mediate the functions of mTORC1 and mTORC2.
