Table 2.
Concentration of organophosphate (nmol/L) and pyrethroid (μg/L) urinary metabolites according to characteristics of study participants (weighted statistics; n = 1,030).
| Participant characteristics | n (%) | GM (SE) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∑DAP | cis-DCCA | trans-DCCA | 3-PBA | ||
| Age (years) | |||||
| 6–8 | 458 (47) | 103.9 (8.2) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.18 (0.02) | 0.22 (0.03) |
| 9–11 | 572 (53) | 87.2 (8.4) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.02) | 0.20 (0.02) |
| Sex | |||||
| Boys | 529 (52) | 94.0 (9.7) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.02) | 0.20 (0.03) |
| Girls | 501 (48) | 95.6 (10.2) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.18 (0.02) | 0.22 (0.03) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 793 (79) | 99.5 (8.7) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.01) | 0.19 (0.02) |
| Non-white | 203 (21) | 81.6 (9.9) | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.25 (0.03) | 0.34 (0.03) |
| Missing | 34 | 80.5 (16.0) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.04) |
| Family income (Can$) | |||||
| 0–59,999 | 369 (38) | 86.1 (6.9) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.19 (0.02) | 0.23 (0.03) |
| 60,000–99,999 | 295 (28) | 91.7 (11.7) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.02) | 0.18 (0.02) |
| ≥ 100,000 | 337 (34) | 103.0 (12.0) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.03) |
| Missing | 29 | 167 (71.7) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.05) | 0.22 (0.06) |
| Parental education | |||||
| Less than high school diploma | 170 (17) | 95.3 (14.6) | 0.06 (0.00) | 0.19 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.02) |
| High school diploma and above | 835 (83) | 97.8 (8.2) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.03) |
| Missing | 25 | 37.0 (6.9) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.19 (0.05) | 0.36 (0.14) |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | |||||
| No | 842 (83) | 95.0 (8.1) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.18 (0.02) | 0.22 (0.03) |
| Yes | 154 (17) | 94.2 (17.2) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.02) | 0.18 (0.03) |
| Missing | 34 | 91.0 (13.8) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.03) | 0.21 (0.04) |
| Environmental tobacco smokea | |||||
| No | 917 (10) | 93.7 (7.3) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.21 (0.02) |
| Yes | 113 (90) | 104.8 (16.4) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.22 (0.04) | 0.24 (0.05) |
| BMIb | |||||
| Thin | 809 (77) | 97.2 (6.8) | 0.05 (0.00) | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.21 (0.02) |
| Overweight | 151 (16) | 87.2 (18.2) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.20 (0.05) |
| Obese | 68 (7) | 81.3 (12.8) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.04) | 0.21 (0.05) |
| Missing | 2 | — | — | — | — |
| Fasting status | |||||
| No (≤ 10 hr) | 529 (50) | 132.1 (13.5) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.19 (0.02) |
| Yes (> 10 hr) | 501 (50) | 68.2 (5.3) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.18 (0.02) | 0.23 (0.03) |
| Blood lead concentration (μg/dL) | |||||
| < 0.9 | 441 (42) | 96.1 (8.4) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.02) | 0.19 (0.03) |
| ≥ 0.9 | 440 (58) | 93.2 (8.1) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.20 (0.02) | 0.23 (0.02) |
| Missing | 149 | 95.0 (12.9) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.18 (0.03) | 0.21 (0.04) |
| Pesticides used indoorsc | |||||
| No | 993 (96) | 93.5 (7.1) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.20 (0.02) |
| Yes | 36 (4) | 129.8 (31.4) | 0.13 (0.02) | 0.47 (0.11) | 0.61 (0.12) |
| Missing | 1 | — | — | — | — |
| Pesticides used outdoorsd | |||||
| No | 935 (93) | 99.1 (6.8) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.03) |
| Yes | 79 (7) | 83.7 (24.4) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.26 (0.05) |
| Missinge | 16 | 50.0 (17.3) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.17 (0.11) | 0.16 (0.11) |
| Pesticides to treat pets/head licef | |||||
| No | 982 (96) | 93.1 (7.3) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.20 (0.02) |
| Yes | 47 (4) | 139.6 (34.2) | 0.12 (0.04) | 0.42 (0.14) | 0.46 (0.14) |
| Missing | 1 | — | — | — | — |
| Any use of pesticides | |||||
| No | 879 (86) | 93.0 (6.8) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.02) | 0.19 (0.02) |
| Yes | 151 (14) | 106.0 (16.6) | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.29 (0.05) | 0.36 (0.06) |
| Total | 1,030 (100) | 94.7 (7.2) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.18 (0.01) | 0.21 (0.03) |
| Abbreviations: —, not calculated because of insufficient observations; GM, geometric mean; SE, standard error. aParent report of daily tobacco smoking inside the home. bUsing the Cole method of classification (Cole et al. 1995). cParent-reported pesticide use in the last month for chemicals used indoors to control roaches, ants, termites, or other insects. dParent-reported use in the last month of chemicals on the lawn, yard, or the surrounding fields, woods, or orchards to kill insects or weeds, or to control plant diseases. eCoefficient of variation for those estimations exceeded 30%. fParent-reported pesticide use in the last month for chemicals used to control head lice on family members or fleas on pets. | |||||